./ 755 0 0 0 7441023264 4057 ./lib/ 755 0 0 0 7441023132 4617 ./lib/charset.alias 644 0 0 305 7441023131 7325 # This file contains a table of character encoding aliases, # suitable for operating system 'nextstep'. # It was automatically generated from config.charset. # Packages using this file: fileutils ./bin/ 755 0 0 0 7441024033 4622 ./bin/chgrp 755 0 0 60000 7441024013 5752 8__PAGEZERO __TEXT @@__text__TEXT*% __fvmlib_init0__TEXTPP0__fvmlib_init1__TEXTQ1__const__TEXTQD1__cstring__TEXTV 6__DATA` @ __data__DATA`@__bss__DATA`H__common__DATAa8__LINKEDIT`0>/usr/shlib/libsys_s.B.shlibP*UWVSu`F`Ǎ^~t u9w`a=tЃ=tЃ=4t =at6SW6VPU]UEP}QsEPE E䐐]UWVSu} >uhuVjj* VÃЃ vVPhVSj SEPSSVAtTtrt"t-AVhVhVVhVhVSPVhVhVSj }vVoPhVjjl EfCfe[^_US]t5ahWh( +aPPh9W3hW)hZBS@U\WVS}u 1ۋah[Sh5xEPjhQh[VW c.=~=}tRtOvtsftTht[=t =ta`mE`ETEHEt >=tF>u]E;ك MА`)PR3M ue+`;1I9}u ]EE5}u&MЋIE9HuMЋI9Hu EЋM9A tEEE;n}t\}uV}t`M 41h]h(c`1Ӊ]̍T``E}MM`>Ext F5a}tN `E Tz-uM10h]h(#E0URM 1hL]h(`1Ӊ]̍T`E@ My`9U~E a`h}tM t1hy]h(-`1Ӊ]̍T`E@ `?M9:E:;`1Ӊ]̍T`}tMEEPE}t* `E y-t`Puux}tK`M z-u5`1h]h(=!5`URE 0h]h(`[``?``VuNj`:u`t:uD}t+=`t VM 1h] VE 0h]h(ã`??W;EMMM܉M؀:uc`9UuR}tVE 0h^h(&5`M?:]EԉEEM a`5a5`>t >=tF>u]E;t``)PR3 u9+`;1I9o}u ]EԉE EEԃ;u}t\}uV}t `E 40h:^h("`1Ӊ]̍T``?}FE؉EԀ>tcMytF5a}tE0M 1h[^h(`1Ӊ]̍T`?Exuw`9U~M a`X}tE t0hy]h(1`1Ӊ]̍T`?E8:uX:Q`1Ӊ]̍T`}tMԋEEPt H 1EP M `W::u`:ucac`:uK`9Uu:}tPM 1h^h(/ۉ`E?:uM a``Íe[^_Ujjjuu u Uu ju$ UujUS]U MEtPQRh^SPQh^Svuh^Se | C C+{}9C ~C SCPSj ]S5`" |C C.{}9C ~C SCPSj Sh^]UVS] M 1u 93u 1e[^UWVS}u ]Kt VWt  s1e[^_U WVS]u}$vhv_j{h_h_) } u}ڀ;|XtB:}:-t-uWSRE =9u :EPVj0Vt@t9] v EUCE}?uEMΉ1щHE9] vU'CE_EE}u}?uZE9EK}t1}t+EE9Er uu}Mu 9] vU\CEUEЉуw0$S}}|E9Em}E|8?\T8ʃI$UEEUDE9] v};?C9] vE\C9] U?a%b!fnr tv M}k}M}}D}2}9] v};'C9] vE\C9] vU'Cht7E}EX‰EujjEP#u }uUU؉1щHEU}ffUfȅtHtu"uU9s4}<9t'AF9Mv }| EXuE΃w}}uwu}tH}uB9] vE\C9] vU0};C9] vE$ 0UCE$0EMA9vQ9] v EUCMEE덐}t-UŠMU|t 9] vE\C9] v U};CE}EU<}t9] v EUCE}?u9] vE Eqe[^_UEuaP0uuu u=UWVS}9=(`_4~ 9t6=4`,`u j4` ,` 0`HV54` 4`(`)PjR=(`4`4\uju VS'ƒ9w:4`r4V1`tP¡4`Ӊ\uju VS؍e[^_Uhau uUujU$WVS}E uEj j]܍EPSVWe[^_Uu ujU$WVSE }ܾa jP]S1SujVe[^_Uj:uUuuu uh(h({,+d8T8P8D8@}8<#8#4/0#,###~##(#Hy# #$t#o##  '\,`L`''''s$L(|/I+!'#`     kVRcVcWVHVhBVf;Vf1V)Vv$V~V}FXFXFFXF FXFXFXFXFXF(FXFXF,FXFXFXF0FXFXFXFXFDFHFXFXFXFXFXFXFXF FtFXFXFXF FXFXFXF$FXF(FXFXFXFXFXFXF0FXFXF4Fmemory exhausted_______JJ$J0J0JKKKKKKKdLdLdLdLdLdLdLdLdLdLdLdLdLdLdLdLdLdLLLLLLML$LLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMLLML.RcfhvDavid MacKenzie4.1fileutilschgrptoo few argumentsgetting attributes of %sneither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed :changed ownership of %s to %s changed group of %s to %s failed to change ownership of %s to %s failed to change group of %s to %s ownership of %s retained as %s group of %s retained as %s %schanging ownership of %schanging group of %sunable to restore permissions of %swrite error%s: %s%s: : %s%s:%s:%d: POSIXLY_CORRECT--%s: option `%s' is ambiguous %s: option `--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%s' requires an argument %s: unrecognized option `--%s' %s: unrecognized option `%c%s' %s: illegal option -- %c %s: invalid option -- %c %s: option requires an argument -- %c %s: option `-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option `-W %s' doesn't allow an argument Copyright (C) 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.%s (%s) %s %s %s Written by %s. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. 0 <= strtol_base && strtol_base <= 36xstrtol.c%s:%u: failed assertion `%s' clocalelocaleescapecshell-alwaysshellliteral"`'?^`,`| P`P ... .. .../bin/chown 755 0 0 60000 7441024014 5766 8__PAGEZERO __TEXT @@__text__TEXT$)__fvmlib_init0__TEXT`NP`.__fvmlib_init1__TEXTO/__const__TEXTOT/__cstring__TEXTT 4__DATA` @ __data__DATA`@__bss__DATA`H__common__DATAb8__LINKEDIT`0>/usr/shlib/libsys_s.B.shlibP$UWVSu`F`Ǎ^~t u9w`a=tЃ=tЃ=4t=bt<SW6VPU]UE`N}OsEPE E䐐]US]t5bhbTh( 6bPPPhTh UhYhZSUhWVSu fEfEfEfE1bhZWBh/*EPjhOhZVu _ft >=tF>u]E;ك MА`)PR35 ue+`;1I9}u ]EE5}u&MЋIE9HuMЋI9Hu EЋM9A tEEE;n}t\}uV}t`M 41h\h(K`1Ӊ]̍T``E}MM`>Ext F5b}tN `E Tz-uM10h\h(#E0URM 1h\h(`1Ӊ]̍T`E@ My`9U~E b`h}tM t1h]h(`1Ӊ]̍T`E@ `?M9:E:;`1Ӊ]̍T`}tMEEPE}t* `E y-t`Puux}tK`M z-u5`1h8]h(%!5`URE 0hX]h(`Z``?``VuNj`:u`t:uD}t+=`t VM 1hx] VE 0h]h(rã`??W;EMMM܉M؀:uc`9UuR}tVE 0h]h(5`M?:]EԉEEM b`5b5`>t >=tF>u]E;t``)PR3 u9+`;1I9o}u ]EԉE EEԃ;u}t\}uV}t `E 40h]h( `1Ӊ]̍T``?}FE؉EԀ>tcMytF5b}tE0M 1h]h(`1Ӊ]̍T`?Exuw`9U~M b`X}tE t0h]h(`1Ӊ]̍T`?E8:uX:Q`1Ӊ]̍T`}tMԋEEPt H 1EP M `W::u`:ucbc`:uK`9Uu:}tPM 1h]h(ۉ`E?:uM b``Íe[^_Ujjjuu u UU:tЃ v1 B:uUt9] v EUCE}?uEMΉ1щHE9] vU'CE_EE}u}?uZE9EK}t1}t+EE9Er uu}Mu 9] vU\CEUEЉуw0$P}}|E9Em}E|8?\T8ʃI$REEUDE9] v};?C9] vE\C9] U?a%b!fnr tv M}k}M}}D}2}9] v};'C9] vE\C9] vU'Cht7E}EX‰EujjEP{u }uUU؉1щHEU}ffUfȅtHtu"uU9s4}<9t'AF9Mv }| EXuE΃w}}uwu}tH}uB9] vE\C9] vU0};C9] vE$ 0UCE$0EMA9vQ9] v EUCMEE덐}t-UŠMU|t 9] vE\C9] v U};CE}EU<}t9] v EUCE}?u9] vE Eqe[^_UEuaP0uuu u=UWVS}9=8`_4~ 9t=D`<`u jD` <` @`HV5D` D`8`)PjR=8`D`4\uju VS'ƒ9w:D`r4V1`tP¡D`Ӊ\uju VS؍e[^_Uhau uUujU$WVS}E uEj j]܍EPCSVWe[^_Uu ujU$WVSE }ܾa jP]S1SujVe[^_Uj:uUWVSu1щMQ^ÃtVS>؍e[^_UVS] M 1u 93u 1e[^UWVS}u ]Kt VWt  s1e[^_U WVS]u}$vh_j{h_h_U} u}ڀ;|XtB:}:-t-uWSE =9u :EPVj0Vt@.Rcfhv%s: %sDavid MacKenzie4.1fileutilschowntoo few argumentsgetting attributes of %sneither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed :changed ownership of %s to %s changed group of %s to %s failed to change ownership of %s to %s failed to change group of %s to %s ownership of %s retained as %s group of %s retained as %s %schanging ownership of %schanging group of %sunable to restore permissions of %swrite error%s: : %s%s:%s:%d: POSIXLY_CORRECT--%s: option `%s' is ambiguous %s: option `--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%s' requires an argument %s: unrecognized option `--%s' %s: unrecognized option `%c%s' %s: illegal option -- %c %s: invalid option -- %c %s: option requires an argument -- %c %s: option `-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option `-W %s' doesn't allow an argument invalid userinvalid groupcannot get the login group of a numeric UIDcannot omit both user and group%uCopyright (C) 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.%s (%s) %s %s %s Written by %s. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. clocalelocaleescapecshell-alwaysshellliteral"`'0 <= strtol_base && strtol_base <= 36xstrtol.c%s:%u: failed assertion `%s' ?"^/^=^i^^`<`| P8N ... .. .../bin/chmod 755 0 0 60000 7441024014 5742 8__PAGEZERO __TEXT @@__text__TEXT)x( __fvmlib_init0__TEXTRP2__fvmlib_init1__TEXT`S`3__const__TEXT`S`3__cstring__TEXTX8__DATA` @ __data__DATA`@__bss__DATA`P__common__DATAb8__LINKEDIT`0>/usr/shlib/libsys_s.B.shlibP)UWVSu`F`Ǎ^~t u9w`a=tЃ=tЃ=4t =bt7SW6VPU]UER}`SsEPE E䐐]U@WVS}uVWÃt `u@&E%f=u6VWt(=`uWPhFX5S1E9E %e[^_U VSu ]EPVEtr tcXXX EP%PuPPSne[^UHWVS}1]SWu&E%f=uC}SWt+=`uWPhX5Vu EP+ EPWËU `tu-u-EPWNt%PuW t'`uWXPhXuS%=`tE%f=@uEPu W Ɖe[^_UWVS]EEpSEu/=`uSPhY5u1щM@EP/SVgED/] ;t`1щ}9}s}EPVƃSEEPju V U+}};uVuEe[^_US]t5bh Yh( ,bPPPh1YhYh\SUWVS1U bh<\WThp1<=`=` `ujh`Sh=\u uFc _-2+=~"=}<t3R =t`XtSatN u'r}>gt9fot#x w}=tIt99t5`U 4jaPh`jTPhP\jj2b`` `` `j*hw\h\h\h\hZj%jMu=`u 5``U9`|h\jjjj`t PjU 4ÅuU 4OPh\S*uuL5`(PhX5j)U 4MjS`U 4 ǃ``9EW)UE`UE`UWVS}1F uVtMVt|6\`tRPPh\SW,RhYSWe[^_U5`rUVSu] bt"h5bh\h(EPuh( b tSPh\h(q( ((| B B/z}9B ~B RBP h(j Yh(tVe[^UWVS} ]u=bt395`u`9SP`5`bt"hp5bh\h(tVSh\h(pEPuh( b tWrPh\h(9( ((| B B/z}9B ~B RBP h(j !h(}t ude[^_Ujuuuu uUjuuuu uUj…tB =BEBBUEM U8uP UWVSu1ۉ]h<\EPjSVuBU%9HRju 3PEPEPzESEPNEMMF=u1Mt$uoPEPEP >=t>+u MuMu MtE!lj{CCSEPEP5F $ w|$S Sh% CYKI CK% C=% C1{urC{ubC8{uRCKFy<=<+<-<, uEuup1e[^_U@SEPuÃt.j…t=ZBEȉBZ ]UWVS}] CC!‰t 1t$}@tN J8t# ttɄt( A$t tɠt H ȉ#S!St%=@t Iuⶊ<-t<+t<=uC! !Ƌ[ e[^_USEtX PB؃u]UUE txxt@S@stxxt @S@stx xt @ T@ tUE%=`u bh= u cW=@u dG=u -7=u p'=u l=t ?sUVSu] VktCrC-}CwC-@tCxC- tCrC-tCwC-tCxC-tCrC-tCwC-tC xC -SV]e[^UEu @PUUM :t9u B:u1UWVS5`u=`}5`u9}9}U+UE)9~AE19}-u)ƉuMً}<}Uڋut >=tF>u]E;ك MА`)PR3M ue+`;1I9}u ]EE5}u&MЋIE9HuMЋI9Hu EЋM9A tEEE;n}t\}uV}t`M 41h]h(c`1Ӊ]̍T``E}MM`>Ext F5b}tN `E Tz-uM10h]h(#E0URM 1hL]h(`1Ӊ]̍T`E@ My`9U~E b`h}tM t1hy]h(-`1Ӊ]̍T`E@ `?M9:E:;`1Ӊ]̍T`}tMEEPE}t* `E y-t`Puux}tK`M z-u5`1h]h(=!5`URE 0h]h(`<\` `?``VuNj`:u`t:uD}t+=`t VM 1h] VE 0h]h(ã `??W;EMMM܉M؀:uc`9UuR}tVE 0h^h(&5 `M?:]EԉEEM b`5b5`>t >=tF>u]E;t``)PR3 u9+`;1I9o}u ]EԉE EEԃ;u}t\}uV}t `E 40h:^h("`1Ӊ]̍T``?}FE؉EԀ>tcMytF5b}tE0M 1h[^h(`1Ӊ]̍T`?Exuw`9U~M b`X}tE t0hy]h(1`1Ӊ]̍T`?E8:uX:Q`1Ӊ]̍T`}tMԋEEPt H 1EP M `W::u`:ucbc`:uK`9Uu:}tPM 1h^h(/ۉ `E?:uM b``Íe[^_Ujjjuu u Uu ju UujUWVS] EuE|uSJEu2ƒrz.u~.t :tʼn1׋U9Uv9w* ]M9s]9vSuEEEWVP2 }]EMuƒtuEu1e[^_UWU1у~ѐ9/uI9}US]U MEtPQRh^SPQh^Suh^S | C C+{}9C ~C SCPSj S5$` |C C.{}9C ~C SCPSj Sh^c]U,`thtThYj5(`OjUuFuUu uuUu u?u~UUBR)‰UWVS]j$ޅua e[^_UEuaUUuaE UWVSU] %t| ǁaЉƃE11‰e[^_UE} u_U(WVS1ۉ]]]M$T9] vE"CEE_UEuh_uh_tu>t9] v EUCE}?uEMΉ1щHE9] vU'CE_EE}u}?uZE9EK}t1}t+EE9Er uu}Mu 9] vU\CEUEЉуw0$T}}|E9Em}E|8?\T8ʃI$VEEUDE9] v};?C9] vE\C9] U?a%b!fnr tv M}k}M}}D}2}9] v};'C9] vE\C9] vU'Cht7E}EX‰EujjEPu }uUU؉1щHEU}ffUfȅtHtu"uU9s4}<9t'AF9Mv }| EXuE΃w}}uwu}tH}uB9] vE\C9] vU0};C9] vE$ 0UCE$0EMA9vQ9] v EUCMEE덐}t-UŠMU|t 9] vE\C9] v U};CE}EU<}t9] v EUCE}?u9] vE Eqe[^_UEuaP0uuu u=UWVS}9=0`_4~ 9t=<`4`u j<` 4` 8`HV5<` <`0`)PjR=0`<`4\uju VS'ƒ9w:<`r4V1`tPH¡<`Ӊ\uju VS؍e[^_Uhau uUujU$WVS}E uEj j]܍EPSSVWe[^_Uu ujU$WVSE }ܾa jP]S1SujVe[^_Uj:uUVS] M 1u 93u 1e[^UWVS}u ]Kt VWt  s1e[^_U WVS]u}$vh_j{h_h_U} u}ڀ;|XtB:}:-t-uWSE =9u :EPVFj0V3t@.RcfvrwxXstugoa,+-=invalid character %s in mode string %sDavid MacKenzie4.1fileutilschmodtoo few argumentsinvalid mode string: %swrite error%s: %s%s: : %s%s:%s:%d: POSIXLY_CORRECT--%s: option `%s' is ambiguous %s: option `--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%s' requires an argument %s: unrecognized option `--%s' %s: unrecognized option `%c%s' %s: illegal option -- %c %s: invalid option -- %c %s: option requires an argument -- %c %s: option `-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option `-W %s' doesn't allow an argument Copyright (C) 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.%s (%s) %s %s %s Written by %s. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. clocalelocaleescapecshell-alwaysshellliteral"`'0 <= strtol_base && strtol_base <= 36xstrtol.c%s:%u: failed assertion `%s' ?^`4`| PQX ... .. .:../bin/cp 755 0 0 120000 7441024014 5267 8__PAGEZERO __TEXT __text__TEXT1M__fvmlib_init0__TEXTLPL___fvmlib_init1__TEXT`__const__TEXT`__cstring__TEXT88e__DATA __data__DATA__bss__DATA__common__DATA8__LINKEDIT0>/usr/shlib/libsys_s.B.shlibP1UWVSuFǍ^~t u9wa=tЃ=tЃ=4t=tMpSW6V PU]UEL}sEPE E䐐]US]t5h>h( MPPPhe hh=h hْ h{SUXWVS] ufE}1҉Ѓ$)ĉuW<]K9EPuMI\щƃtu);PhEx4t7E؉EUEPPWtW:Ph5VMy,t?EPEPW t(tuf}uW:PhՓ7Ex0u;t:MȋE#HPQWƒt Wf:Ph5jc)C8/[1e[^_UPWVSU] 1щȃ$)ĉeRu]]u(É1щȃ$ )ĉSVSEEPVE Љƒ];/u C;/tj/SQÃj :lj+EGEGE8EPuE Љƃ t=Euuwƒuj}t)uuu> E%f=@uZ7E0/C;/VC;/tIE%f=@tFV8Ph(jj(u8Ph5ju8Ph(VV' E1e[^_UWVSDž81ۉ$}hISST'j%}u}uh`SS2'uE(uME L(M}W(t==t((7Phy5j&tDž80uV(FuE%f=@؅u\}t"(_7PhSSb&j3}>(37PhSS6&jDž E9 DžDž< E =t S6 1ҍB$)ĉ RS  V6fC$C C(C,C0C4C8C<CHCLC@CDj;ЉCPCTCX]UhWVS1ۉ]߉}M h6W#h\ 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EXuE΃w}}uwu}tH}uB9] vE\C9] vU0};C9] vE$ 0UCE$0EMA9vQ9] v EUCMEE덐}t-UŠMU|t 9] vE\C9] v U};CE}EU<}t9] v EUCE}?u9] vE Eqe[^_UEuPP0uuu u=UWVS}9=8_4~ 9tJ=D<u jMD < @HV5DD D8)PjR迬=8D4\uju VS'ƒ9w:Dr4V1PtP¡DӉ\uju VS؍e[^_UhPu uUujU$WVS}E uEj j]܍EPSVWe[^_Uu ujU$WVSE }ܾP jP]S1SujVe[^_Uj:uUUBR)‰UWVSuU UMttIU8NuE ׉ ǃvYA1~1¸~Ѕt1U8QuCEU8QuC8U8t!U8u#w IU8u Nu1e[^_UWVSu uÉ1щJщMED9wVP9wEDe[^_UWVSu1щMQʩÃtVS誯؍e[^_US]s舦S肦]UWVS1󐐃@PV#VSǃ9t݅|j8p V11e[^_UWVSuu 2!1ۉ؋9}֋Q9:t@9|QJ؍e[^_UEVS$ǃ9r ېVYe[^_Uuuu uh("h(跡P2d8T8P8D8@}8<#8#4/0#,###~##(#Hy# #$t#o##  '\,L''''s$L(|/I+!'#     D?86a/b#Lf ildxޅمЅpƅRSsvougvWVR~J} Dmemory exhaustedޟܟ՟ΟƟvuvvvwwwwwwwPxPxPxPxPxPxPxPxPxPxPxPxPxPxPxPxPxPxwwwwwywxwwwyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyywwyw(wPxyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyywwywywyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyywywxwyyyyyxwxwxwyyyxwyxwyyyyyyyyyyyyxwxwxwalwaysautoneverversionhelpversion-controlverboseupdatetarget-directorysymbolic-linksuffixstrip-trailing-slashesremove-destinationrecursivepreservepathparentsone-file-systemno-dereferencelinkinteractivesparseforcedereferencebackuparchiveTry `%s --help' for more information. Usage: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... --target-directory=DIRECTORY SOURCE... Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. -a, --archive same as -dpR --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -d, --no-dereference never follow symbolic links -f, --force if an existing destination file cannot be opened, remove it and try again -i, --interactive prompt before overwrite -H follow command-line symbolic links -l, --link link files instead of copying -L, --dereference always follow symbolic links -p, --preserve preserve file attributes if possible --parents append source path to DIRECTORY -P same as `--parents' for now; soon to change to `--no-dereference' to conform to POSIX -r copy recursively, non-directories as files WARNING: use -R instead when you might copy special files like FIFOs or /dev/zero --remove-destination remove each existing destination file before attempting to open it (contrast with --force) --sparse=WHEN control creation of sparse files -R, --recursive copy directories recursively --strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument -s, --symbolic-link make symbolic links instead of copying -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix --target-directory=DIRECTORY move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -x, --one-file-system stay on this file system --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit By default, sparse SOURCE files are detected by a crude heuristic and the corresponding DEST file is made sparse as well. That is the behavior selected by --sparse=auto. Specify --sparse=always to create a sparse DEST file whenever the SOURCE file contains a long enough sequence of zero bytes. Use --sparse=never to inhibit creation of sparse files. The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given) numbered, t make numbered backups existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise simple, never always make simple backups As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. Report bugs to .getting attributes of %spreserving times for %spreserving ownership for %spreserving permissions for %scannot make directory %s%s exists but is not a directorymissing file argumentsmissing destination fileaccessing %sspecified target, %s is not a directorycopying multiple files, but last argument %s is not a directory%s -> %s ..when preserving paths, the destination must be a directorySIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIXabdfHilLprsuvxPRS:V:--sparsewarning: --version-control (-V) is obsolete; support for it will be removed in some future release. Use --backup=%s instead.Torbjorn Granlund, David MacKenzie, and Jim Meyering4.1fileutilscpcannot make both hard and symbolic linksWarning: the meaning of `-P' will change in the future to conform to POSIX. Use `--parents' for the old meaning, and `--no-dereference' for the new one.backup typecannot access %s%s and %s are the same filecannot open %s for readingcannot remove %scannot create regular file %scannot fstat %sreading %scannot lseek %swriting %sclosing %scannot stat %somitting directory %scannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %scannot overwrite directory %s with non-directory%s: overwrite %s, overriding mode %04lo? %s: overwrite %s? cannot overwrite directory %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %sbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedcannot backup %s%s -> %s (backup: %s)cannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %swill not create hard link %s to directory %scannot create hard link %s to %scannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot move %s to %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot create directory %s.%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directorycannot create symbolic link %s to %scannot create link %scannot create fifo %scannot create special file %scannot read symbolic link %scannot create symbolic link %s%s has unknown file typesetting permissions for %scannot un-backup %s%s -> %s (unbackup) co != NULLcopy.c%s:%u: failed assertion `%s' VALID_BACKUP_TYPE (co->backup_type)VALID_SPARSE_MODE (co->sparse_mode)valid_options (options)%sinvalid argument %s for `%s'ambiguous argument %s for `%s'Valid arguments are: - `%s', `%s'all_slashes || !ISSLASH (*(p - 1))basename.cwrite error%s: %s%s: : %s%s:%s:%d: ~.~%d~tnumberednilexistingsimpleoffnoneVERSION_CONTROL$VERSION_CONTROLPOSIXLY_CORRECT--%s: option `%s' is ambiguous %s: option `--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%s' requires an argument %s: unrecognized option `--%s' %s: unrecognized option `%c%s' %s: illegal option -- %c %s: invalid option -- %c %s: option requires an argument -- %c %s: option `-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option `-W %s' doesn't allow an argument Copyright (C) 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.%s (%s) %s %s %s Written by %s. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. clocalelocaleescapecshell-alwaysshellliteral"`'Y?ٞP<| P$$! ... .. .!../bin/dd 755 0 0 100000 7441024015 5253 8__PAGEZERO __TEXT ``__text__TEXTh$&Ch__fvmlib_init0__TEXTgPG__fvmlib_init1__TEXThH__cstring__TEXTh" H__const__TEXTv V__literal8__TEXT___DATA ` __data__DATA`__bss__DATAL__common__DATA8__LINKEDIT0>/usr/shlib/libsys_s.B.shlibPh$UWVSuFǍ^~t u9wa=tЃ=tЃ=4t>=t `SW6V)PU]UEg}hsEPE E䐐]US]t5h%ih( *5hLi\hciRh`okSiUS]B9v<]UU1Ʌt B!AuUDVSjju]S5T5PPjjV5\5XPhoh(5$jjS5D5@PjjV5L5HPhoh($d` tDo=`u uoPjjEP5d5`<Phoh(e[^Uj^}!5 s)Pho5jj/}5D)Pho5jqUS]jSS8P]UxUS]jSt u So]UWVS}u]WSVu -Ã|!9t$WS\9tSdte[^_US55jà 9t@5E(Php5jr~@DjHLl]UWVSj,uEtE1=tt=tu3ux 58 G;uԃuap1tҀuEÉ 19u=2udp1tҀu)]։19u 9Uuu uuhpu] ]$umpu](],_urpu]0]43uj#Puj#Phxpjj j }tu#Phpjj EM9MH=t =u 9=u =u =u%8e[^_US8PvD8P`.8`PJ8%P2~hpjj 8t hx8@t.X8|t@9v. t2X8|t @9v<8t!hvSvh$v#t"hw.wh$wi]USM UtBIu]USU ]=ԀtKԀtHԀt BIuC؋]U@S1ۍEPupuE%f= ؉؋]UWVS]u}}EEEUMMUUM1ME9]uq9uululu]juu YGWuu }+u Php5j jtuue[^_UWVSu }l)9~SWP )ߡlأl9we[^_UWVS}u 8 huVp9v;Ð li l9lrC9wpRp9u`d+9s&l l9lrpGNHe[^_UWVS}u E9u];]pp9r.؀pM lh a]8iu<؀f li l9lr ؀=؀uġl]l9lrE9u/e[^_UWVSEáDXPfEƃD31B)ljƃ9t/HP1ED1B)ÉE𣤂}}5 $t#V55$5 5 jC( ,t(555,5(5j0 4uuE0PTX\ 49w 908%=u5%PV 5Vj }T5 wPhp5j9Dj5j( 9,1ɉM9sFPT8t;u)P%P1P] EX\95uvuVj }05Phq5jjE9uHLb@DM=<t uV^=8}EPVp8tuP"tuPuP=Ԁt`8tjhFtjh0 l l9lr8tLptC9v9 li l9lrC9w8t:9pu- lh l9lr_ltVP5j ~@D}/5Phq5jj u}tunEe[^_U܀tUWVS}u hqj&h7h8%hqhu -tV} tPtr t t+= ShHrhSrShHrhcrjPShHrhrjjpe[^UUM :t9u B:u1UWVS5ău=ȃ}5u9}9}U+UE)9~AE19}-u)ƉuMً}<}Uڋut >=tF>u]E;ك MА)PR3 ue+;1I9}u ]EE5}u&MЋIE9HuMЋI9Hu EЋM9A tEEE;n}t\}uV}tM 41hrh(/1Ӊ]̍TE}MM>Ext F5}tN E Tz-uM10hrh(#E0URM 1hrh(s1Ӊ]̍TE@ My9U~E h}tM t1hsh(1Ӊ]̍TE@ ?M9:E:;1Ӊ]̍T}tMEEPE}t* E y-tPuux}tKM z-u51h:sh( !5URE 0hZsh(q?VuNj:ut:uD}t+=t VM 1hzs VE 0hsh(Vã??W;EMMM܉M؀:uc9UuR}tVE 0hsh(5M?:]EԉEEM 55>t >=tF>u]E;t`)PR3 u9+;1I9o}u ]EԉE EEԃ;u}t\}uV}t E 40hsh(1Ӊ]̍T?}FE؉EԀ>tcMytF5}tE0M 1hsh(p1Ӊ]̍T?Exuw9U~M X}tE t0hsh(1Ӊ]̍T?E8:uX:Q1Ӊ]̍T}tMԋEEPt H 1EP M W::u:ucc:uK9Uu:}tPM 1hsh(ۉE?:uM Íe[^_Ujjjuu u UVSEu uPjht9] v EUCE}?uEMΉ1щHE9] vU'CEtEE}u}?uZE9EK}t1}t+EE9Er uu}Mu 9] vU\CEUEЉуw0$z}}|E9Em}E|8?\T8ʃI$|EEUDE9] v};?C9] vE\C9] U?a%b!fnr tv M}k}M}}D}2}9] v};'C9] vE\C9] vU'Cht7E}EX‰EujjEPu }uUU؉1щHEU}ffUfȅtHtu"uU9s4}<9t'AF9Mv }| EXuE΃w}}uwu}tH}uB9] vE\C9] vU0};C9] vE$ 0UCE$0EMA9vQ9] v EUCMEE덐}t-UŠMU|t 9] vE\C9] v U};CE}EU<}t9] v EUCE}?u9] vE Eqe[^_UEūP0uuu u=UWVS}9=_4~ 9t=u jq  HV5h )PjR+=4\uju VS'ƒ9w:r4V1̃tP¡Ӊ\uju VS؍e[^_Uh̄u uUujU$WVS}E uEj j]܍EPkSVWe[^_Uu ujU$WVSE }ܾ̄ jP]S1SujVe[^_Uj:uUjNUWVSU EE}1щHEEE:ӋEE쐐}tuu3Uuu3k uR;1щHEE9EtX}u EE(}tEEuƋ}MtEEEE;m}uEEe[^_Ujuuu uUjuuu uUSt}utuu j?PSjjU]UWVSEhth(M9t\ˋM M9]tu}Mt3h uh(MM3huh( MM;u( ((|B B/z}9B ~B RBP h(j qe[^_UWVS] }uuVWuS}PSuVWuU Ҹe[^_UWVSE 8t%Uu׋MuU8u1e[^_UVS] M 1u 93u 1e[^UWVS}u ]Kt VWt  s1e[^_U WVS]u}$vh3tj{hYthct} u}ڀ;|XtB:}:-t-uWS6E =9u :EPVj0Vst@.%s+%s records in %s+%s records out truncated recordtruncated records%s %s closing input file %sclosing output file %swriting to %sinvalid conversion: %sbcEGkMPTwYZ0unrecognized option %sifofconvibsobsbscbsskipseekcountunrecognized option %s=%sinvalid number %sonly one conv in {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}, {lcase,ucase}, {block,unblock}, {unblock,sync}reading %swriting %sPaul Rubin, David MacKenzie, and Stuart Kemp4.1fileutilsddopening %sstandard inputfile offset out of rangecannot fstat %sadvancing past %s bytes in output file %sstandard outputwrite error%s: %s%s%s: : %s%s:%s:%d: %.0f%.1f%c%.0f%csihuman-readablePOSIXLY_CORRECTBLOCK_SIZEeEgGkKmMpPtTyYzZ0block sizeinvalid %s `%s'invalid character following %s `%s'%s `%s' too large--%s: option `%s' is ambiguous %s: option `--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%s' requires an argument %s: unrecognized option `--%s' %s: unrecognized option `%c%s' %s: illegal option -- %c %s: invalid option -- %c %s: option requires an argument -- %c %s: option `-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option `-W %s' doesn't allow an argument versionhelp+0 <= strtol_base && strtol_base <= 36xstrtol.c%s:%u: failed assertion `%s' clocalelocaleescapecshell-alwaysshellliteral"`'invalid argument %s for `%s'ambiguous argument %s for `%s'Valid arguments are: - `%s', `%s'Copyright (C) 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.%s (%s) %s Written by %s. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. 7-./% <=2&?'@O{[lP}M]\Nk`Kaz^L~no|JZ_myjС !"#$()*+, 01345689:;>ABCDEFGHIQRSTUVWXYbcdefghipqrstuvwx7-./% <=2&?'@Z{[lP}M]\Nk`Kaz^L~no|_myOС !"#$()*+, 01345689:;>ABCDEFGHIQRSTUVWXYbcdefghipqrstuvwx    [.<(+!&]$*);^-/|,%_>?`:#@'="abcdefghijklmnopqr~stuvwxyz{ABCDEFGHI}JKLMNOPQR\STUVWXYZ0123456789kMGTPEZY?@?@ r r,th$tvmemory exhaustedR8S8SR8SS8S8S8S8S8SS8S8S S8S8S8SS8S8S8S8S$S(S8S8S8S8S8S8S8SR\S8S8S8SS8S8S8SS8SS8S8S8S8S8S8SS8S8SStttttttUTTTTLVPV`VXVdVTV\VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVLXVVVVVLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXVVLXVUVLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXVhVLXVLXVLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXVLXV VLXLXLXLXLX V V VLXLXLX VLX VLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLXLX V V V0_t_t_8_t_<_t_t_t_t_t_D_t_t_H_t_t_t_L_t_t_t_t_`_d_t_t_t_t_t_t_t_(__t_t_t_<_t_t_t_@_t_D_t_t_t_t_t_t_L_t_t_P_?@C$@= iiiiii h@hhhh:?̃Zu| $c6 | PcX ... .. .:.| , d | 4e    | 40f   ./bin/dircolors 755 0 0 100000 7441024016 6665 8__PAGEZERO __TEXT ``__text__TEXT=(__fvmlib_init0__TEXTePE__fvmlib_init1__TEXT4g4G__const__TEXT4g4G__cstring__TEXT n N__DATA ` __data__DATA`__bss__DATAt__common__DATA 8__LINKEDIT0>/usr/shlib/libsys_s.B.shlibP=UWVSuFǍ^~t u9wa=tЃ=tЃ=4t= tCSW6VPU]UEe}4gsEPE E䐐]US]t5$hwh( *5$hwhwhUz%PUu uu&UWVh~zƒt:u:R ¿wtֿzu 1e^_UWVSu }];| XtC;};#tC|Xt)PQ;t]XC| utA#t<لt ;#tC;uK;|XtK;}C)PQe[^_UWVS}?tu<=t<:t8<\t<^u..t"C @9Cs jSC \C C @9Cs jSkS C G?ue[^_U(WVSEMMMMEhzEt8uEzM M؃EE}t/uEPEP .E-P"M؋hE}[ EPEPu UtEu)uu hzPP EudEhzRu7uuRu E}M܉M}uE}U<.ulC @9Cs jSC *C uC @9Cs jSC =C uC @9CljS\<*uLRC @9Cs jSeC =C uqC @9CjS hzRhzu|hzuduܸ j= jlj3u5t F;u<>C @9Cs jSS pj>C C @9Cs jSuS >@C ދF @9Fs jVQF =F u]F @9Fs jV)C :C E}tAEHw8uu} tu zPhzjjlEuEPEe[^_UWVS]޿{t,h{Siǃu'S&Ph{5WH؀SWƃt1Wu#SPh{5je[^_U WVS]EEu} $h*vuhL jhjh{u S tbt=}t9=~t.XctptLE뷐E뫐롐j*h {h{h{h){h6jjme)Ë} <} t<}th3{jjj5~:h{jjdj ~[h{VVGjC1ېh4gjhhj }CZ~}u)Euh|Vj hs$h'jjhuSSE} 7jE}Q q)}9uI(A!‰Q A)‹Y)lj9~Y A A}u@|L| a|t|hPhujVhS} =؀t'huhw|5j }%PUVSuU MuuEFEF INf(F(tRv$FЃ 6FЃÉ^u ЍCFF FCf(e[^UVSuU MuuEFEF INEF$N(F(tRv$FЃ 6FЃÉ^u ЍCFF FCf(e[^UWVS]KMCs )ƉuE Cxd9}C(tWs$CЃ WCЃE}u ЋMKuqCCL҉!@~AEP|4u𐐋CMMJyE$us$C G19U~C:B9UE9CuC(uuFMAC(uVC Љ{}{ c(e[^_UEU 9s9s@u%UWVS]} StI9s9:s+rC(tRs$C Ѓ RC ЃK(uͅt{ {CS te[^_UWVS]} StI9s9:s+rC(tRs$C Ѓ RC ЃK(uͅt{ {CS te[^_UE1ɋPt)RuUh(h|h(j 5USUӹЀ:t8/uP1@8u:u ;/utJux/uh|jDh|h|Ћ]UEUE܀UWVS}1F uVStMVt|6|܀tRPtPh|SW,Rh{SWe[^_U5rUVSu] 4t"h 5$h|h(8EPuh(K, tS:Ph|h(( ((| B B/z}9B ~B RBP h(j h(ytV0e[^UWVS} ]u=0t395u9SPf54t"h5$h}h(tVSh}h(EPuh(, tWPh|h(( ((| B B/z}9B ~B RBP h(j h(A}t ue[^_Ujjj uu uUjjuuu uUjuuuu uUjuuuu uUUM :t9u B:u1UWVS5u=}5u9}9}U+UE)9~AE19}-u)ƉuMً}<}Uڋut >=tF>u]E;ك MА)PR3 ue+;1I9}u ]EE5}u&MЋIE9HuMЋI9Hu EЋM9A tEEE;n}t\}uV}tM 41h}h(1Ӊ]̍TE}MM>Ext F5<}tN E Tz-uM10h=}h(T#E0URM 1hj}h(/1Ӊ]̍TE@ My9U~E <h}tM t1h}h(1Ӊ]̍TE@ ?M9:E:;1Ӊ]̍T}tMEEPE}t* E y-tPuux}tKM z-u51h}h(!5URE 0h}h(*v ?VuNj:ut:uD}t+=t VM 1h} VE 0h~h(ã ??W;EMMM܉M؀:uc9UuR}tVE 0h1~h(5 M?:]EԉEEM <5<5>t >=tF>u]E;t`)PR3a u9+;1I9o}u ]EԉE EEԃ;u}t\}uV}t E 40hX~h(1Ӊ]̍T?}FE؉EԀ>tcMytF5<}tE0M 1hy~h(,1Ӊ]̍T?Exuw9U~M <X}tE t0h}h(1Ӊ]̍T?E8:uX:Q1Ӊ]̍T}tMԋEEPt H 1EP M W::u:uc<c:uK9Uu:}tPM 1h1~h(ۉ E?:uM <Íe[^_Ujjjuu u Uu juUujUVSuu VW ÍCPA t SVPoe[^US]U MEtPQRh~SPQh~Suh~S | C C+{}9C ~C SCPSj S5$r |C C.{}9C ~C SCPSj ]Sh~#]U,thPkh{j5(j~UuuUu uuUu uu~UUBR)‰UWVS]j$ޅu e[^_UEuUUuE UWVSU] %t| ǁЉƃE11‰e[^_UE} uU(WVS1ۉ]]]M$k9] vE"CEEUEuhuhtu>t9] v EUCE}?uEMΉ1щHE9] vU'CEEE}u}?uZE9EK}t1}t+EE9Er uu}Mu 9] vU\CEUEЉуw0$k}}|E9Em}E|8?\T8ʃI$mEEUDE9] v};?C9] vE\C9] U?a%b!fnr tv M}k}M}}D}2}9] v};'C9] vE\C9] vU'Cht7E}EX‰EujjEPKu }uUU؉1щHEU}ffUfȅtHtu"uU9s4}<9t'AF9Mv }| EXuE΃w}}uwu}tH}uB9] vE\C9] vU0};C9] vE$ 0UCE$0EMA9vQ9] v EUCMEE덐}t-UŠMU|t 9] vE\C9] v U};CE}EU<}t9] v EUCE}?u9] vE Eqe[^_UEuP0uuu u=UWVS}9=0_4~ 9t^=<4u j< 4 8HV5< <0)PjR=0<4\uju VS'ƒ9w:<r4V1tPH¡<Ӊ\uju VS؍e[^_Uhu uUujU$WVS}E uEj j]܍EPSVWe[^_Uu ujU$WVSE }ܾ jP]S1SujVe[^_Uj:uUWVS}t0} t*}t$M9u)} @j@Mu } 7+u]M}xGMGuͻE} ?})؋M+9thjLhh|O}@v MM@} }?M Љ)RW)‹}EM )}t }G t M9u+ M CN}9}t}#M9ME})É؍e[^_UVSu] SjVڅt)Ѝe[^Uuuu uh(芾h(St>d8T8P8D8@}8<#8#4/0#,###~##(#Hy# #$t#o##  '\,L''''s$L(|/I+!'#     AH;=M    I@@HHDGH"'-, FK0I( 0  tv+v*vuu*vbuWuJu:u-uuuutttttttttvtjt\tQt*vtssrs^ssrrmrVr?rqqqqvqSq+qp*vpp*v~p2pp*vooovojo^o*v-o"oo oonnnnnnn*vnnnnxnmnbnWnLnAnn6n+n nn n:w5w0w,w(w#www wwwvvvvvvvvvvvvvkwkwhwewbwbwbw_w\wYwYwVwSwSwPwPwMwJwGwGwDwDwAwAwwbwbwcwc{wpvw~nw}memory exhaustedt^]]^^_______<`<`<`<`<`<`<`<`<`<`<`<`<`<`<`<`<`<`_____a_____aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa__a__<`aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa__a_a_aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa_a_d_aaaaad_d_d_aaad_ad_aaaaaaaaaaaad_d_d_.dl 01;35.gl 01;35.fli 01;35.avi 01;35.mpg 01;35.tif 01;35.xpm 01;35.xbm 01;35.tga 01;35.ppm 01;35.bmp 01;35.gif 01;35.png 01;35.jpg 01;35# image formats.rpm 01;31.deb 01;31.bz2 01;31.gz 01;31.Z 01;31.z 01;31.zip 01;31.lzh 01;31.taz 01;31.arj 01;31.tgz 01;31.tar 01;31 # archives or compressed (bright red)#.bat 01;32#.btm 01;32#.com 01;32#.exe 01;32#.cmd 01;32 # executables (bright green)# If you use DOS-style suffixes, you may want to uncomment the following:# (and any comments you want to add after a '#')# to colorize below. Put the extension, a space, and the color init string.# List any file extensions like '.gz' or '.tar' that you would like lsEXEC 01;32# This is for files with execute permission:ORPHAN 40;31;01 # symlink to nonexistent fileCHR 40;33;01 # character device driverBLK 40;33;01 # block device driverDOOR 01;35 # doorSOCK 01;35 # socketFIFO 40;33 # pipe # numerical value, the color is as for the file pointed to.)LINK 01;36 # symbolic link. (If you set this to 'target' instead of aDIR 01;34 # directoryFILE 00 # normal fileNORMAL 00 # global default, although everything should be something.# 40=black 41=red 42=green 43=yellow 44=blue 45=magenta 46=cyan 47=white# Background color codes:# 30=black 31=red 32=green 33=yellow 34=blue 35=magenta 36=cyan 37=white# Text color codes:# 00=none 01=bold 04=underscore 05=blink 07=reverse 08=concealed# Attribute codes:# string consists of one or more of the following numeric codes:# Below are the color init strings for the basic file types. A color initTERM vt100TERM screen-wTERM screenTERM rxvtTERM xterm-debianTERM xtermTERM con80x60TERM con80x50TERM con80x43TERM con80x30TERM con80x28TERM con80x25TERM con132x60TERM con132x43TERM con132x30TERM con132x25TERM consoleTERM mach-colorTERM linux-cTERM linux# Below, there should be one TERM entry for each termtype that is colorizable# slackware version of dircolors) are recognized but ignored.# The keywords COLOR, OPTIONS, and EIGHTBIT (honored by the# LS_COLORS environment variable used by GNU ls with the --color option.# Configuration file for dircolors, a utility to help you set theENDCODEENDRIGHTCODERIGHTLEFTCODELEFTEXECDOORCHARCHRBLOCKBLKSOCKPIPEFIFOMISSINGORPHANSYMLINKLINKLNKDIRFILENORMNORMALecrclcexdocdbdsopimiorlndifinoversionhelpprint-databasec-shellcshshbourne-shellTry `%s --help' for more information. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Output commands to set the LS_COLORS environment variable. Determine format of output: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell output Bourne shell code to set LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell output C shell code to set LS_COLORS -p, --print-database output defaults --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit If FILE is specified, read it to determine which colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the format of these files, run `dircolors --print-database'. Report bugs to .SHELLtcshTERMnone%s:%lu: invalid line; missing second tokenOPTIONSCOLOREIGHTBIT%s:%lu: unrecognized keyword %s-r%sbcpH. Peter Anvin4.1fileutilsdircolorsthe options to output dircolors' internal database and to select a shell syntax are mutually exclusiveno FILE arguments may be used with the option to output dircolors' internal databasetoo many argumentsno SHELL environment variable, and no shell type option givenLS_COLORS=''; export LS_COLORS setenv LS_COLORS '' standard inputmemory exhaustedall_slashes || !ISSLASH (*(p - 1))basename.c%s:%u: failed assertion `%s' write error%s: %s%s: : %s%s:%s:%d: POSIXLY_CORRECT--%s: option `%s' is ambiguous %s: option `--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%s' requires an argument %s: unrecognized option `--%s' %s: unrecognized option `%c%s' %s: illegal option -- %c %s: invalid option -- %c %s: option requires an argument -- %c %s: option `-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option `-W %s' doesn't allow an argument Copyright (C) 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.%s (%s) %s %s %s Written by %s. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. 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This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. 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This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. 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Use --backup=%s instead.Mike Parker and David MacKenzie4.1fileutilslnmissing file argument.specified target directory, %s is not a directorybackup typewhen making multiple links, last argument must be a directoryall_slashes || !ISSLASH (*(p - 1))basename.c%s:%u: failed assertion `%s' write error%s: %s%s%s: : %s%s:%s:%d: ~.~%d~tnumberednilexistingneversimpleoffnoneVERSION_CONTROL$VERSION_CONTROLPOSIXLY_CORRECT--%s: option `%s' is ambiguous %s: option `--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%s' requires an argument %s: unrecognized option `--%s' %s: unrecognized option `%c%s' %s: illegal option -- %c %s: invalid option -- %c %s: option requires an argument -- %c %s: option `-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option `-W %s' doesn't allow an argument Copyright (C) 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.%s (%s) %s %s %s Written by %s. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. 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Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuSUX nor --sort. -a, --all do not hide entries starting with . -A, --almost-all do not list implied . and .. -b, --escape print octal escapes for nongraphic characters --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks -B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~ -c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with -l: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime -C list entries by columns --color[=WHEN] control whether color is used to distinguish file types. WHEN may be `never', `always', or `auto' -d, --directory list directory entries instead of contents -D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode -f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -lst -F, --classify append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries --format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time list both full date and full time -g (ignored) -G, --no-group inhibit display of group information -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -H same as `--si' for now; soon to change to conform to POSIX --indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), classify (-F), file-type (-p) -i, --inode print index number of each file -I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN -k, --kilobytes like --block-size=1024 -l use a long listing format -L, --dereference list entries pointed to by symbolic links -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries -n, --numeric-uid-gid list numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names -N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) -o use long listing format without group info -p, --file-type append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries -q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters --show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -r, --reverse reverse order while sorting -R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively -s, --size print size of each file, in blocks -S sort by file size --sort=WORD extension -X, none -U, size -S, time -t, version -v status -c, time -t, atime -u, access -u, use -u --time=WORD show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or status; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time -t sort by modification time -T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 -u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time -U do not sort; list entries in directory order -v sort by version -w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value -x list entries by lines instead of by columns -X sort alphabetically by entry extension -1 list one file per line --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit By default, color is not used to distinguish types of files. That is equivalent to using --color=none. Using the --color option without the optional WHEN argument is equivalent to using --color=always. With --color=auto, color codes are output only if standard output is connected to a terminal (tty). Report bugs to .invalid argument %s for `%s'ambiguous argument %s for `%s'Valid arguments are: - `%s', `%s'memory exhaustedall_slashes || !ISSLASH (*(p - 1))basename.c%s:%u: failed assertion `%s' clocalelocalecshell-alwaysshell"`'write error%s: %s%s: : %s%s:%s:%d: %m/%d/%y%Y-%m-%d%H:%M%I:%M:%S %p%H:%M:%S%.0f%.1f%c%.0f%cBLOCK_SIZEeEgGkKmMpPtTyYzZ0block sizeinvalid %s `%s'invalid character following %s `%s'%s `%s' too large--%s: option `%s' is ambiguous %s: option `--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%s' requires an argument %s: unrecognized option `--%s' %s: unrecognized option `%c%s' %s: illegal option -- %c %s: invalid option -- %c %s: option requires an argument -- %c %s: option `-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option `-W %s' doesn't allow an argument Copyright (C) 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.%s (%s) %s %s %s Written by %s. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. 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Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuSUX nor --sort. -a, --all do not hide entries starting with . -A, --almost-all do not list implied . and .. -b, --escape print octal escapes for nongraphic characters --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks -B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~ -c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with -l: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime -C list entries by columns --color[=WHEN] control whether color is used to distinguish file types. WHEN may be `never', `always', or `auto' -d, --directory list directory entries instead of contents -D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode -f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -lst -F, --classify append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries --format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time list both full date and full time -g (ignored) -G, --no-group inhibit display of group information -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -H same as `--si' for now; soon to change to conform to POSIX --indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), classify (-F), file-type (-p) -i, --inode print index number of each file -I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN -k, --kilobytes like --block-size=1024 -l use a long listing format -L, --dereference list entries pointed to by symbolic links -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries -n, --numeric-uid-gid list numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names -N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) -o use long listing format without group info -p, --file-type append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries -q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters --show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -r, --reverse reverse order while sorting -R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively -s, --size print size of each file, in blocks -S sort by file size --sort=WORD extension -X, none -U, size -S, time -t, version -v status -c, time -t, atime -u, access -u, use -u --time=WORD show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or status; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time -t sort by modification time -T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 -u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time -U do not sort; list entries in directory order -v sort by version -w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value -x list entries by lines instead of by columns -X sort alphabetically by entry extension -1 list one file per line --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit By default, color is not used to distinguish types of files. That is equivalent to using --color=none. Using the --color option without the optional WHEN argument is equivalent to using --color=always. With --color=auto, color codes are output only if standard output is connected to a terminal (tty). Report bugs to .invalid argument %s for `%s'ambiguous argument %s for `%s'Valid arguments are: - `%s', `%s'memory exhaustedall_slashes || !ISSLASH (*(p - 1))basename.c%s:%u: failed assertion `%s' clocalelocalecshell-alwaysshell"`'write error%s: %s%s: : %s%s:%s:%d: %m/%d/%y%Y-%m-%d%H:%M%I:%M:%S %p%H:%M:%S%.0f%.1f%c%.0f%cBLOCK_SIZEeEgGkKmMpPtTyYzZ0block sizeinvalid %s `%s'invalid character following %s `%s'%s `%s' too large--%s: option `%s' is ambiguous %s: option `--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%s' requires an argument %s: unrecognized option `--%s' %s: unrecognized option `%c%s' %s: illegal option -- %c %s: invalid option -- %c %s: option requires an argument -- %c %s: option `-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option `-W %s' doesn't allow an argument Copyright (C) 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.%s (%s) %s %s %s Written by %s. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. 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Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuSUX nor --sort. -a, --all do not hide entries starting with . -A, --almost-all do not list implied . and .. -b, --escape print octal escapes for nongraphic characters --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks -B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~ -c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with -l: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime -C list entries by columns --color[=WHEN] control whether color is used to distinguish file types. WHEN may be `never', `always', or `auto' -d, --directory list directory entries instead of contents -D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode -f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -lst -F, --classify append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries --format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time list both full date and full time -g (ignored) -G, --no-group inhibit display of group information -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -H same as `--si' for now; soon to change to conform to POSIX --indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), classify (-F), file-type (-p) -i, --inode print index number of each file -I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN -k, --kilobytes like --block-size=1024 -l use a long listing format -L, --dereference list entries pointed to by symbolic links -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries -n, --numeric-uid-gid list numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names -N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) -o use long listing format without group info -p, --file-type append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries -q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters --show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -r, --reverse reverse order while sorting -R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively -s, --size print size of each file, in blocks -S sort by file size --sort=WORD extension -X, none -U, size -S, time -t, version -v status -c, time -t, atime -u, access -u, use -u --time=WORD show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or status; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time -t sort by modification time -T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 -u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time -U do not sort; list entries in directory order -v sort by version -w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value -x list entries by lines instead of by columns -X sort alphabetically by entry extension -1 list one file per line --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit By default, color is not used to distinguish types of files. That is equivalent to using --color=none. Using the --color option without the optional WHEN argument is equivalent to using --color=always. With --color=auto, color codes are output only if standard output is connected to a terminal (tty). Report bugs to .invalid argument %s for `%s'ambiguous argument %s for `%s'Valid arguments are: - `%s', `%s'memory exhaustedall_slashes || !ISSLASH (*(p - 1))basename.c%s:%u: failed assertion `%s' clocalelocalecshell-alwaysshell"`'write error%s: %s%s: : %s%s:%s:%d: %m/%d/%y%Y-%m-%d%H:%M%I:%M:%S %p%H:%M:%S%.0f%.1f%c%.0f%cBLOCK_SIZEeEgGkKmMpPtTyYzZ0block sizeinvalid %s `%s'invalid character following %s `%s'%s `%s' too large--%s: option `%s' is ambiguous %s: option `--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%s' requires an argument %s: unrecognized option `--%s' %s: unrecognized option `%c%s' %s: illegal option -- %c %s: invalid option -- %c %s: option requires an argument -- %c %s: option `-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option `-W %s' doesn't allow an argument Copyright (C) 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.%s (%s) %s %s %s Written by %s. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. 0 <= strtol_base && strtol_base <= 36xstrtol.cC$@v@8@N@UUUA=vT|d?| $6 | PL8 ... .. ..8.| , | 4x    | 4`   ./bin/mkdir 755 0 0 60000 7441024022 5755 8__PAGEZERO __TEXT @@__text__TEXT(*__fvmlib_init0__TEXTlSPl3__fvmlib_init1__TEXTT4__const__TEXTTx4__cstring__TEXT4Y49__DATA` @ __data__DATA`@__bss__DATA`H__common__DATAa8__LINKEDIT`0>/usr/shlib/libsys_s.B.shlibP(UWVSu`F`Ǎ^~t u9w`a=tЃ=tЃ=4t =at8SW6VPU]UElS}TsEPE E䐐]US]t5ahVYh( *5ah}YhYh[SUWVSEUUUU ahA[u_hD-GU` jhThB[u ut=}tL=~tAkpt mtZvtQ`렋aU땐EG[닐j*h\[hl[hp[hz[hVj1jMU9`uh[jjjj9S1! E}fju j!ǃ uuPh[Sj uSW ǃ1ۋU 4O=`t5`U 4ujjjuuV,à V`U 4EPWVVkÃ=`u!}uVPh[jS}tVPujju<}t2}t,WVÃt'VfPh[5jtE``9EuSUE `UE`UWVS}1F uVtMV"t|6[`tRP!Ph[SWRh[SWe[^_U5 `rUS]j/SHt(xu9sx/uH9r9s )Pj/SZ!u[9s 8/uH9r)؍PE Ћ]UVSEPu|ƍFPà tVuS1؍e[^UVSu] bt"h 5ah[h($EPuh(7a tS&Ph\h(( ((| B B/z}9B ~B RBP h(j h(etVe[^UWVS} ]u=bt395`u`9SPR`5`bt"h5ah\h(tVSh \h(EPuh(a tWPh\h(( ((| B B/z}9B ~B RBP h(j h(-}t ue[^_Ujuuuu u Ujuuuu uk UDWVS}1uWyЉUuS5EPWtu ,Ph[V E%f=@tu Ph\SS5}tUM؍e[^_UtWVS]EfEEfEEEPS:ƒEEPE1щȃ$)ĉeSu u{E% =uf}uf}tEtEEEEEEPƒEEEt E8/uh3\}E];/uC;/t}]j/u\Ãr}uEEEPuuu!ƃt,u}jjWW}} tuHPu VVuf}uf}t`EPEPu2 tGu Ph5\5V1ub}>VVWWQ)}t$ED$e}tPu}AuPh\\5jujjWW/C;/C;/tu}uEEju uuÃt/u}gjj]S5SuMu\} tuPu SSf}uf}t=EPEPu t$uPh5\5SEE t7u u}t%u[Phz\5jE}tjj]ScSuy]uut%uPhz\5jE[uE%f=@t"SPh\uu}uyf}uf}t;EPEPS t$SgPh5\5uEu SSt S3Phz\5jXEEe[^_Uj…tB =BEBBUEM U8uP UWVSu1ۉ]hA[EPjSVuBU%9HRju 3PEPEPzESEPNEMMF=u1Mt$uoPEPEP >=t>+u MuMu MtE!lj{CCSEPEP5F $ w|$U Sh% CYKI CK% C=% C1{urC{ubC8{uRCKFy<=<+<-<, uEuup1e[^_U@SEPuÃt.j…t=ZBEȉBZ ]UWVS}] CC!‰t 1t$}@tN J8t# ttɄt( A$t tɠt H ȉ#S!St%=@t Iuⶊ<-t<+t<=uC! !Ƌ[ e[^_USEtX PV؃u]UUM :t9u B:u1UWVS5`u=`}5`u9}9}U+UE)9~AE19}-u)ƉuMً}<}Uڋut >=tF>u]E;ك MА`)PR3% ue+`;1I9}u ]EE5}u&MЋIE9HuMЋI9Hu EЋM9A tEEE;n}t\}uV}t`M 41h\h(;`1Ӊ]̍T``E}MM`>Ext F5a}tN `E Tz-uM10h\h(#E0URM 1h\h(`1Ӊ]̍T`E@ My`9U~E a`h}tM t1h%]h(`1Ӊ]̍T`E@ `?M9:E:;`1Ӊ]̍T`}tMEEPE}t* `E y-t`Puux}tK`M z-u5`1hK]h(!5`URE 0hk]h(`A[``?``VuNj`:u`t:uD}t+=`t VM 1h] VE 0h]h(bã`??W;EMMM܉M؀:uc`9UuR}tVE 0h]h(5`M?:]EԉEEM a`5a5`>t >=tF>u]E;t``)PR3 u9+`;1I9o}u ]EԉE EEԃ;u}t\}uV}t `E 40h]h(`1Ӊ]̍T``?}FE؉EԀ>tcMytF5a}tE0M 1h^h(|`1Ӊ]̍T`?Exuw`9U~M a`X}tE t0h%]h( `1Ӊ]̍T`?E8:uX:Q`1Ӊ]̍T`}tMԋEEPt H 1EP M `W::u`:ucac`:uK`9Uu:}tPM 1h]h(ۉ`E?:uM a``Íe[^_Ujjjuu u Uu juUujUWU1у~ѐ9/uI9}US]U MEtPQRhg^S)PQhs^Suhz^S | C C+{}9C ~C SCPSj S5` |C C.{}9C ~C SCPSj Sh^s]U$`thUh[j5 `jUuVuUu uuUu uOu~UUBR)‰UWVS]j$ޅua e[^_UEuaUUuaE UWVSU] %t| ǁaЉƃE11‰e[^_UE} uU_U(WVS1ۉ]]]M$U9] vE"CEEU_UEuhW_uhY_tu>t9] v EUCE}?uEMΉ1щHE9] vU'CEY_EE}u}?uZE9EK}t1}t+EE9Er uu}Mu 9] vU\CEUEЉуw0$V}}|E9Em}E|8?\T8ʃI$WEEUDE9] v};?C9] vE\C9] U?a%b!fnr tv M}k}M}}D}2}9] v};'C9] vE\C9] vU'Cht7E}EX‰EujjEPu }uUU؉1щHEU}ffUfȅtHtu"uU9s4}<9t'AF9Mv }| EXuE΃w}}uwu}tH}uB9] vE\C9] vU0};C9] vE$ 0UCE$0EMA9vQ9] v EUCMEE덐}t-UŠMU|t 9] vE\C9] v U};CE}EU<}t9] v EUCE}?u9] vE Eqe[^_UEuaP0uuu u=UWVS}9=(`_4~ 9t=4`,`u j4` ,` 0`HV54` 4`(`)PjR#=(`4`4\uju VS'ƒ9w:4`r4V1`tPH¡4`Ӊ\uju VS؍e[^_Uhau uUujU$WVS}E uEj j]܍EPcSVWe[^_Uu ujU$WVSE }ܾa jP]S1SujVe[^_Uj:uUWVSuU UMttIU8NuE ׉ ǃvYA1~1¸~Ѕt1U8QuCEU8QuC8U8t!U8u#w IU8u Nu1e[^_US]C=8`t 8`Cuh[_5P1]UVSu1ۃ>|v}vh[5S؍e[^US]| PCtP]UVS] M 1u 93u 1e[^UWVS}u ]Kt VWt  s1e[^_U WVS]u}$vh_j{h_h_5} u}ڀ;|XtB:}:-t-uWSzE =9u :EPVj0Vt@‹}Uuuu uh(h(L)d8T8P8D8@}8<#8#4/0#,###~##(#Hy# #$t#o##  '\,`L`''''s$L(|/I+!'#`     QYmIYpAYv.pm:vcreated directory %sDavid MacKenzie4.1fileutilsmkdirtoo few argumentsinvalid mode %scannot create directory %scannot set permissions of directory %swrite error%s: %s%s.%s: : %s%s:%s:%d: %s exists but is not a directory/cannot change owner and/or group of %scannot chdir to directory, %scannot change permissions of %sPOSIXLY_CORRECT--%s: option `%s' is ambiguous %s: option `--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%s' requires an argument %s: unrecognized option `--%s' %s: unrecognized option `%c%s' %s: illegal option -- %c %s: invalid option -- %c %s: option requires an argument -- %c %s: option `-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option `-W %s' doesn't allow an argument Copyright (C) 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.%s (%s) %s %s %s Written by %s. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. clocalelocaleescapecshell-alwaysshellliteral"`'cannot get current directory from saved working directorycannot return to %s%s%s0 <= strtol_base && strtol_base <= 36xstrtol.c%s:%u: failed assertion `%s' ?5^`,`| PDS  ... .. . ../bin/mkfifo 755 0 0 60000 7441024022 6122 8__PAGEZERO __TEXT @@__text__TEXT 4! __fvmlib_init0__TEXT8UP85__fvmlib_init1__TEXTV6__const__TEXTVX6__cstring__TEXTZ:__DATA` @ __data__DATA`@__bss__DATA`D__common__DATAa8__LINKEDIT`0>/usr/shlib/libsys_s.B.shlibP 4UWVSu`F`Ǎ^~t u9w`a=tЃ=tЃ=4t=atU-SW6VPAU]UE8U}VsEPE E䐐]US]t5ahZh(O *5ah[h5[h\SUWVS} Eah@\uh7MM jhVhA\Wu_t_=~t  =}tAt̃mu7 aMj*hD\hT\hX\hb\hbjj넋M9 `uhi\jjj}j!ju=à uh{\Sj uSVƃjP4Yà t'`4Ph\5jF}t:V`4Ãt.`4NPh\5jtE``9U`uUE `UE`UWVS}1F uVOtMVt|6\`tRPpPh\SW,Rh\SWe[^_U5 `rUVSu] bt"h45ah\h(LEPuh(_a tSNPh\h(( ((| B B/z}9B ~B RBP h(j h(tVDe[^UWVS} ]u=bt395`u`9SPz`5`bt"h5ah\h(,tVSh\h(EPuh('a tWPh\h(( ((| B B/z}9B ~B RBP h(j h(U}t ue[^_Ujuuuu uUjuuuu uUjO…tB =BEBBUEM U8uP UWVSu1ۉ]h@\EPjSVuBU%9HRju 3PEPEPzESJEPANEMMF=u1Mt$uoPEPEP >=t>+u MuMu MtE!lj{CCSEPEP5F $ w|$V Sh% CYKI CK% C=% C1{urC{ubC8{uRCKFy<=<+<-<, uEuup1e[^_U@SEPu*Ãt.jJ…t=ZBEȉBZ ]UWVS}] CC!‰t 1t$}@tN J8t# ttɄt( A$t tɠt H ȉ#S!St%=@t Iuⶊ<-t<+t<=uC! !Ƌ[ e[^_USEtX P؃u]UUM :t9u B:u1UWVS5`u=`}5`u9}9}U+UE)9~AE19}-u)ƉuMً}<}Uڋut >=tF>u]E;ك MА`)PR3 ue+`;1I9}u ]EE5}u&MЋIE9HuMЋI9Hu EЋM9A tEEE;n}t\}uV}t`M 41h]h(`1Ӊ]̍T``E}MM`>Ext F5a}tN `E Tz-uM10h!]h(4#E0URM 1hN]h(`1Ӊ]̍T`E@ My`9U~E a`h}tM t1h{]h(`1Ӊ]̍T`E@ `?M9:E:;`1Ӊ]̍T`}tMEEPE}t* `E y-t`Puux}tK`M z-u5`1h]h(!5`URE 0h]h(`@\``?``VuNj`:u`t:uD}t+=`t VM 1h] VE 0h]h(ã`??W;EMMM܉M؀:uc`9UuR}tVE 0h^h(5`M?:]EԉEEM a`5a5`>t >=tF>u]E;t``)PR3A u9+`;1I9o}u ]EԉE EEԃ;u}t\}uV}t `E 40h<^h(`1Ӊ]̍T``?}FE؉EԀ>tcMytF5a}tE0M 1h]^h( `1Ӊ]̍T`?Exuw`9U~M a`X}tE t0h{]h(`1Ӊ]̍T`?E8:uX:Q`1Ӊ]̍T`}tMԋEEPt H 1EP M `W::u`:ucac`:uK`9Uu:}tPM 1h^h(ۉ`E?:uM a``Íe[^_Ujjjuu u Uu juLUujUS]U MEtPQRh^SPQh^Suh^S | C C+{}9C ~C SCPSj S5` |C C.{}9C ~C SCPSj uSh^;]U$`thLWh\j5 `jUuuUu uuUu uu~UUBR)‰UWVS]j$ޅua e[^_UEuaUUuaE UWVSU] %t| ǁaЉƃE11‰e[^_UE} u_U(WVS1ۉ]]]M$W9] vE"CEE_UEuh_uh_tu>t9] v EUCE}?uEMΉ1щHE9] vU'CE_EE}u}?uZE9EK}t1}t+EE9Er uu}Mu 9] vU\CEUEЉуw0$W}}|E9Em}E|8?\T8ʃI$YEEUDE9] v};?C9] vE\C9] U?a%b!fnr tv M}k}M}}D}2}9] v};'C9] vE\C9] vU'Cht7E}EX‰EujjEPcu }uUU؉1щHEU}ffUfȅtHtu"uU9s4}<9t'AF9Mv }| EXuE΃w}}uwu}tH}uB9] vE\C9] vU0};C9] vE$ 0UCE$0EMA9vQ9] v EUCMEE덐}t-UŠMU|t 9] vE\C9] v U};CE}EU<}t9] v EUCE}?u9] vE Eqe[^_UEuaP0uuu u=UWVS}9=(`_4~ 9tv=4`,`u j4` ,` 0`HV54` 4`(`)PjR=(`4`4\uju VS'ƒ9w:4`r4V1`tPH¡4`Ӊ\uju VS؍e[^_Uhau uUujU$WVS}E uEj j]܍EP+SVWe[^_Uu ujU$WVSE }ܾa jP]S1SujVe[^_Uj:uUVS] M 1u 93u 1e[^UWVS}u ]Kt VWt  s1e[^_U WVS]u}$vh_j{h_h_U} u}ڀ;|XtB:}:-t-uWSE =9u :EPVj0V t@.m:David MacKenzie4.1fileutilsmkfifotoo few argumentsinvalid modecannot create fifo `%s'cannot set permissions of fifo `%s'write error%s: %s%s%s: : %s%s:%s:%d: POSIXLY_CORRECT--%s: option `%s' is ambiguous %s: option `--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%s' requires an argument %s: unrecognized option `--%s' %s: unrecognized option `%c%s' %s: illegal option -- %c %s: invalid option -- %c %s: option requires an argument -- %c %s: option `-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option `-W %s' doesn't allow an argument Copyright (C) 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.%s (%s) %s %s %s Written by %s. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. clocalelocaleescapecshell-alwaysshellliteral"`'0 <= strtol_base && strtol_base <= 36xstrtol.c%s:%u: failed assertion `%s' ?^`,`| PU(  ... .. . ../bin/mknod 755 0 0 60000 7441024022 5757 8__PAGEZERO __TEXT @@__text__TEXT-$ __fvmlib_init0__TEXTHRPH2__fvmlib_init1__TEXTS3__const__TEXTS03__cstring__TEXTX58__DATA` @ __data__DATA`@__bss__DATA`D__common__DATAa8__LINKEDIT`0>/usr/shlib/libsys_s.B.shlibP-UWVSu`F`Ǎ^~t u9w`a=tЃ=tЃ=4t=at3SW6VPU]UEHR}SsEPE E䐐]US]t5ahXh( *5ahYh0YhZSU WVSu ah[jdh 3LE jhSh[Vut_=~t  =}tAt̃mu7 aMj*h[h[h[h$[h jmj넿}tIj!ju à uh*[SjN uSWǃE+`t2t-7[~\[~I[Rjjjg`D=u1Mt$uoPEPEP >=t>+u MuMu MtE!lj{CCSEPEP5F $ w|$S Sh% CYKI CK% C=% C1{urC{ubC8{uRCKFy<=<+<-<, uEuup1e[^_U@SEPuÃt.j …t=ZBEȉBZ ]UWVS}] CC!‰t 1t$}@tN J8t# ttɄt( A$t tɠt H ȉ#S!St%=@t Iuⶊ<-t<+t<=uC! !Ƌ[ e[^_USEtX P؃u]UUM :t9u B:u1UWVS5`u=`}5`u9}9}U+UE)9~AE19}-u)ƉuMً}<}Uڋut >=tF>u]E;ك MА`)PR3u ue+`;1I9}u ]EE5}u&MЋIE9HuMЋI9Hu EЋM9A tEEE;n}t\}uV}t`M 41h]h(`1Ӊ]̍T``E}MM`>Ext F5a}tN `E Tz-uM10h]h(#E0URM 1hL]h(`1Ӊ]̍T`E@ My`9U~E a`h}tM t1hy]h(U`1Ӊ]̍T`E@ `?M9:E:;`1Ӊ]̍T`}tMEEPE}t* `E y-t`Puux}tK`M z-u5`1h]h(e!5`URE 0h]h(B`[``?``VuNj`:u`t:uD}t+=`t VM 1h] VE 0h]h(ã`??W;EMMM܉M؀:uc`9UuR}tVE 0h^h(N5`M?:]EԉEEM a`5a5`>t >=tF>u]E;t``)PR3 u9+`;1I9o}u ]EԉE EEԃ;u}t\}uV}t `E 40h:^h(J`1Ӊ]̍T``?}FE؉EԀ>tcMytF5a}tE0M 1h[^h(`1Ӊ]̍T`?Exuw`9U~M a`X}tE t0hy]h(Y`1Ӊ]̍T`?E8:uX:Q`1Ӊ]̍T`}tMԋEEPt H 1EP M `W::u`:ucac`:uK`9Uu:}tPM 1h^h(Wۉ`E?:uM a``Íe[^_Ujjjuu u Uu ju UujUS]U MEtPQRh^SPQh^Suh^S | C C+{}9C ~C SCPSj S5`J |C C.{}9C ~C SCPSj 5Sh^]U$`th\Th\j5 `jVUuuUu uuUu uu~UVS] M ș} 93u 1e[^UWVS}u ]Kt VWt  s1e[^_U WVS]Eu$vhv_j{h_h_ } u}PWSE =9u :EPVbj0VOt@t9] v EUCE}?uEMΉ1щHE9] vU'CE_EE}u}?uZE9EK}t1}t+EE9Er uu}Mu 9] vU\CEUEЉуw0$U}}|E9Em}E|8?\T8ʃI$xWEEUDE9] v};?C9] vE\C9] U?a%b!fnr tv M}k}M}}D}2}9] v};'C9] vE\C9] vU'Cht7E}EX‰EujjEPSu }uUU؉1щHEU}ffUfȅtHtu"uU9s4}<9t'AF9Mv }| EXuE΃w}}uwu}tH}uB9] vE\C9] vU0};C9] vE$ 0UCE$0EMA9vQ9] v EUCMEE덐}t-UŠMU|t 9] vE\C9] v U};CE}EU<}t9] v EUCE}?u9] vE Eqe[^_UEuaP0uuu u=UWVS}9=(`_4~ 9tf=4`,`u j4` ,` 0`HV54` 4`(`)PjR=(`4`4\uju VS'ƒ9w:4`r4V1`tPx¡4`Ӊ\uju VS؍e[^_Uhau uUujU$WVS}E uEj j]܍EPSVWe[^_Uu ujU$WVSE }ܾa jP]S1SujVe[^_Uj:uUVS] M 1u 93u 1e[^UWVS}u ]Kt VWt  s1e[^_U WVS]u}$vhv_j{h_h_U} u}ڀ;|XtB:}:-t-uWSE =9u :EPVj0Vt@.m:David MacKenzie4.1fileutilsmknodinvalid modetoo few argumentstoo many argumentswrong number of argumentswhen creating block special files, major and minor device numbers must be specifiedinvalid major device number %sinvalid minor device number %s%swhen creating character special files, major and minor device numbers must be specifiedmajor and minor device numbers may not be specified for fifo filescannot set permissions of `%s'write error%s: %s%s: : %s%s:%s:%d: POSIXLY_CORRECT--%s: option `%s' is ambiguous %s: option `--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%s' requires an argument %s: unrecognized option `--%s' %s: unrecognized option `%c%s' %s: illegal option -- %c %s: invalid option -- %c %s: option requires an argument -- %c %s: option `-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option `-W %s' doesn't allow an argument Copyright (C) 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.%s (%s) %s %s %s Written by %s. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. 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Use --backup=%s instead.Mike Parker, David MacKenzie, and Jim Meyering4.1fileutilsmvmissing file argumentspecified target, %s is not a directorywhen moving multiple files, last argument must be a directorybackup typecannot access %s%s and %s are the same filecannot open %s for readingcannot create regular file %scannot fstat %sreading %scannot lseek %swriting %sclosing %scannot stat %somitting directory %scannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %scannot overwrite directory %s with non-directory%s: overwrite %s, overriding mode %04lo? %s: overwrite %s? cannot overwrite directory %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %sbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedcannot backup %s%s -> %s (backup: %s)cannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %swill not create hard link %s to directory %scannot create hard link %s to %s%s -> %s cannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot move %s to %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot create directory %s.%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directorycannot create symbolic link %s to %scannot create link %scannot create fifo %scannot create special file %scannot read symbolic link %scannot create symbolic link %s%s has unknown file typepreserving times for %spreserving ownership for %ssetting permissions for %scannot un-backup %s%s -> %s (unbackup) co != NULLcopy.cVALID_BACKUP_TYPE (co->backup_type)VALID_SPARSE_MODE (co->sparse_mode)valid_options (options)%sdepth < current_depth ()remove.cn_lengths > 0top_len >= 2obstack_object_size (&dir_stack) >= top_lenobstack_object_size (&len_stack) >= sizeof (size_t)[...]strlen (buf) + 1 == n_bytes_neededfs->have_filetype_modecannot open directory %sclosing directory %s%s: remove write-protected directory %s? %s: remove write-protected file %s? %s: remove directory %s? %s: remove %s? removing %s cannot unlink %s%s is a directory%s: directory %s is write protected; descend into it anyway? %s: descend into directory %s? removing all entries of directory %s cannot change to directory %scannot lstat `.' in %sfs->have_deviceERROR: the directory %s initially had device/inode numbers %lu/%lu, but now (after a chdir into it), the numbers for `.' are %lu/%lu. That means that while rm was running, the directory was replaced with either another directory or a link to another directory...cannot change back to directory %s via `..' (might be nonempty)%s: remove directory %s%s? removing the directory itself: %s cannot remove current directory %scannot remove directory %scannot remove `.' or `..'WARNING: Circular directory structure. This almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system. NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER. The following two directories have the same inode number: %s continue? old_ent != NULLall_slashes || !ISSLASH (*(p - 1))basename.cwrite error%s: %s%s: : %s%s:%s:%d: POSIXLY_CORRECT--%s: option `%s' is ambiguous %s: option `--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%s' requires an argument %s: unrecognized option `--%s' %s: unrecognized option `%c%s' %s: illegal option -- %c %s: invalid option -- %c %s: option requires an argument -- %c %s: option `-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option `-W %s' doesn't allow an argument ~.~%d~tnumberednilexistingneversimpleoffnoneVERSION_CONTROL$VERSION_CONTROLCopyright (C) 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.%s (%s) %s %s %s Written by %s. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. memory exhaustedcannot get current directory from saved working directorycannot return to %s%s%s# entries: %u # buckets: %u # buckets used: %u (%.2f%%) max bucket length: %u bucket < table->bucket_limithash.c0new_bucket < new_table->bucket_limitentryclocalelocaleescapecshell-alwaysshellliteral"`'invalid argument %s for `%s'ambiguous argument %s for `%s'Valid arguments are: - `%s', `%s'Y@?UP| P00 ... .. .../bin/rm 755 0 0 100000 7441024023 5301 8__PAGEZERO __TEXT ``__text__TEXT,x@ __fvmlib_init0__TEXThmPhM__fvmlib_init1__TEXTnN__const__TEXTnPN__cstring__TEXTr R__literal8__TEXT___DATA ` __data__DATA`__bss__DATA__common__DATA 8__LINKEDIT0>/usr/shlib/libsys_s.B.shlibP,UWVSuFǍ^~t u9wa=tЃ=tЃ=4t=t5WSW6VPqU]UEhm}nsEPE E䐐]US]t5hCrh( 15hjrPPhrhuSUS]CCCjYC C]U,WVSu 1huWh@AEPjhnhuVudtR0=~=}tRt[it; ft rt;vtBxE|EEiEEUEHEU)؍e[^_UWVS+EE}1׍wE\9snS5 [ uPuV]SWuhh1VSuuPh}tvvĀEcuu5 i VEERuuQ  1щM9thvhHhtvh=v:Ѝe[^_UEU 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EUCMEE덐}t-UŠMU|t 9] vE\C9] v U};CE}EU<}t9] v EUCE}?u9] vE Eqe[^_UEutP0uuu u=UWVS}9=D_4~ 9t~=PHu j=P H LHV5P4 PD)PjR=DP4\uju VS'ƒ9w:Pr4V1ttP¡PӉ\uju VS؍e[^_Uhtu uUujU$WVS}E uEj j]܍EP3SVWe[^_Uu ujU$WVSE }ܾt jP]S1SujVe[^_Uj:uUS]sLSF]UWVS1󐐃@PVVSZǃ9t݅|jj8p V1e[^_UWVSuu 2!1ۉ؋9}֋Q9:t@9|QJ؍e[^_UWVSS6t Sg="uWWVu1"uV|8 V [^_UE.dfirvRPaul Rubin, David MacKenzie, Richard Stallman, and Jim Meyering4.1fileutilsrmtoo few argumentsVALID_STATUS (status)rm.c%s:%u: failed assertion `%s' depth < current_depth ()remove.cn_lengths > 0top_len >= 2obstack_object_size (&dir_stack) >= top_lenobstack_object_size (&len_stack) >= sizeof (size_t)[...]strlen (buf) + 1 == n_bytes_neededfs->have_filetype_mode.%scannot open directory %sclosing directory %s%s: remove write-protected directory %s? %s: remove write-protected file %s? %s: remove directory %s? %s: remove %s? removing %s cannot unlink %s%s is a directory%s: directory %s is write protected; descend into it anyway? %s: descend into directory %s? removing all entries of directory %s cannot change to directory %scannot lstat `.' in %sfs->have_deviceERROR: the directory %s initially had device/inode numbers %lu/%lu, but now (after a chdir into it), the numbers for `.' are %lu/%lu. That means that while rm was running, the directory was replaced with either another directory or a link to another directory...cannot change back to directory %s via `..' (might be nonempty)%s: remove directory %s%s? removing the directory itself: %s cannot remove current directory %scannot remove directory %scannot remove `.' or `..'cannot remove %scannot stat %sWARNING: Circular directory structure. This almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system. NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER. The following two directories have the same inode number: %s continue? old_ent != NULLwrite error%s: %s%s: : %s%s:%s:%d: POSIXLY_CORRECT--%s: option `%s' is ambiguous %s: option `--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%s' requires an argument %s: unrecognized option `--%s' %s: unrecognized option `%c%s' %s: illegal option -- %c %s: invalid option -- %c %s: option requires an argument -- %c %s: option `-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option `-W %s' doesn't allow an argument Copyright (C) 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.%s (%s) %s %s %s Written by %s. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. memory exhaustedall_slashes || !ISSLASH (*(p - 1))basename.ccannot get current directory from saved working directorycannot return to %s%s%s# entries: %u # buckets: %u # buckets used: %u (%.2f%%) max bucket length: %u bucket < table->bucket_limithash.c0new_bucket < new_table->bucket_limitentryclocalelocaleescapecshell-alwaysshellliteral"`'Y@?}StH| P@m ... .. .../bin/rmdir 755 0 0 60000 7441024023 5765 8__PAGEZERO __TEXT @@__text__TEXT:Z__fvmlib_init0__TEXTxUPx5__fvmlib_init1__TEXTV6__const__TEXTV)6__cstring__TEXTY9__DATA` @ __data__DATA`8@__bss__DATA8`P__common__DATAa8__LINKEDIT`0>/usr/shlib/libsys_s.B.shlibP:UWVSu`F`Ǎ^~t u9w`a=tЃ=tЃ=4t=at&SW6VIPEU]UExU}VsEPE E䐐]U}B%UVSu1ېj/Vtv9v 8/uH9w@=@`tVh,Zjj"VhÃt=<`t5t1VPhCZ5j؍e[^US]t5ahFZh( *5ahmZhZh\SUWVS}1U ah\VWhX>?58` jhVh\u WGt=}tN=~tCmvt/ pt^=tS8`<`@`j*h\h\h\h\hj-jM9=`h]jjrjU SX=@`tSh,Zjj9StA=<`t5u:SPhCZ5j=8`t Sqƃ``9a%P?UE `UED`UWVS}1F uVtMVt|6]D`tRPPh"]SW,RhCZSWe[^_U5 `rUVSu] at"h5ah)]h(EPuh(a tSPh.]h(( ((| B B/z}9B ~B RBP h(j qh(tVe[^UWVS} ]u=at395L`uH`9SPH`5L`at"h5ah3]h(tVSh7]h(EPuh(a tWPh.]h(Q( ((| B B/z}9B ~B RBP h(j 9h(}t u|e[^_Ujuuuu uUjuuuu uUUM :t9u B:u1UWVS5\`u=``}5`u9}9}U+UE)9~AE19}-u)ƉuMً}<}Uڋut >=tF>u]E;ك MАP`)PR3 ue+P`;1I9}u ]EE5}u&MЋIE9HuMЋI9Hu EЋM9A tEEE;n}t\}uV}t`M 41hR]h(P`1Ӊ]̍TP``E}MM`>Ext F5a}tN `E Tz-uM10hp]h(#E0URM 1h]h(P`1Ӊ]̍TP`E@ My`9U~E a`h}tM t1h]h(uP`1Ӊ]̍TP`E@ `?M9:E:;P`1Ӊ]̍TP`}tMEEPE}t* `E y-tP`Puux}tK`M z-u5P`1h]h(!5P`URE 0h^h(bP`\``?P`P`VuNjP`:u`t:uD}t+=X`t VM 1h0^ VE 0hJ^h(ã`??W;EMMM܉M؀:uc`9UuR}tVE 0hd^h(n5`M?:]EԉEEM a`5a5P`>t >=tF>u]E;t`P`)PR3! u9+P`;1I9o}u ]EԉE EEԃ;u}t\}uV}t `E 40h^h(jP`1Ӊ]̍TP``?}FE؉EԀ>tcMytF5a}tE0M 1h^h(P`1Ӊ]̍TP`?Exuw`9U~M a`X}tE t0h]h(yP`1Ӊ]̍TP`?E8:uX:QP`1Ӊ]̍TP`}tMԋEEPt H 1EP M P`W::uP`:ucacP`:uK`9Uu:}tPM 1hd^h(wۉ`E?:uM a`P`Íe[^_Ujjjuu u Uu juUujUWU1у~ѐ9/uI9}US]U MEtPQRh _SPQh_Suh_Su | C C+{}9C ~C SCPSj mS5`2 |C C.{}9C ~C SCPSj Sh/_]UUBR)‰UWVS]j$lޅuda e[^_UEudaUUudaE UWVSU] %t| ǁhaЉƃE11‰e[^_UE} u_U(WVS1ۉ]]]M$tW9] vE"CEE_UEuh_uh_tu>t9] v EUCE}?uEMΉ1щHE9] vU'CE_EE}u}?uZE9EK}t1}t+EE9Er uu}Mu 9] vU\CEUEЉуw0$W}}|E9Em}E|8?\T8ʃI$hYEEUDE9] v};?C9] vE\C9] U?a%b!fnr tv M}k}M}}D}2}9] v};'C9] vE\C9] vU'Cht7E}EX‰EujjEPu }uUU؉1щHEU}ffUfȅtHtu"uU9s4}<9t'AF9Mv }| EXuE΃w}}uwu}tH}uB9] vE\C9] vU0};C9] vE$ 0UCE$0EMA9vQ9] v EUCMEE덐}t-UŠMU|t 9] vE\C9] v U};CE}EU<}t9] v EUCE}?u9] vE Eqe[^_UEudaP0uuu u=UWVS}9= `_4~ 9t=,`$`u j,` $` (`HV5,` ,` `)PjR= `,`4\uju VS'ƒ9w:,`r4V1d`tP4¡,`Ӊ\uju VS؍e[^_Uhdau uUujU$WVS}E uEj j]܍EP[SVWe[^_Uu ujU$WVSE }ܾda jP]S1SujVe[^_Uj:uU4`thYhCZj50`SjUubuUu uuUu u[u~:d8T8P8D8@}8<#8#4/0#,###~##(#Hy# #$t#o##  '\,`L`''''s$L(|/I+!'#`     ZZpZpYvY~Y}_______,ONNNN\P`PpPhPtPdPlPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP\RPPPPP\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\RPP\RPOP\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\RPxP\RP\RP\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\RP\RPP\R\R\R\R\RPPP\R\R\RP\RP\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\R\RPPPmemory exhaustedversionhelpverboseparentspathignore-fail-on-non-emptyremoving directory, %s%sTry `%s --help' for more information. Usage: %s [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty. --ignore-fail-on-non-empty ignore each failure that is solely because a directory is non-empty -p, --parents remove DIRECTORY, then try to remove each directory component of that path name. E.g., `rmdir -p a/b/c' is similar to `rmdir a/b/c a/b a'. -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every directory processed --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit Report bugs to .pvDavid MacKenzie4.1fileutilsrmdirtoo few argumentswrite error%s: %s%s: : %s%s:%s:%d: POSIXLY_CORRECT--%s: option `%s' is ambiguous %s: option `--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%s' requires an argument %s: unrecognized option `--%s' %s: unrecognized option `%c%s' %s: illegal option -- %c %s: invalid option -- %c %s: option requires an argument -- %c %s: option `-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option `-W %s' doesn't allow an argument Copyright (C) 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.%s (%s) %s %s %s Written by %s. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. clocalelocaleescapecshell-alwaysshellliteral"`'?^d`$`./bin/shred 755 0 0 120000 7441024024 5773 8__PAGEZERO __TEXT __text__TEXTAF!__fvmlib_init0__TEXTDPDh__fvmlib_init1__TEXTi__const__TEXTi__cstring__TEXT( (r__literal8__TEXT__DATA __data__DATA__bss__DATAС__common__DATA`8__LINKEDIT0>/usr/shlib/libsys_s.B.shlibPAUWVSuFǍ^~t u9wa=tЃ=tЃ=4t=`t-aSW6VPU]UED}sEPE E䐐]US]t5hheh( ,5hh jhh@SUWVSUU (x($Éփ U U 1ȉ}?}%U؋}%]U 1ȉ~}%U؉F%}_1ȉVU%}8؉F%8UZ1ȉ>}%U؉%}}E E9Eu U U 1ȉ}?}%U؋}%]U 1ȉ~}%U؉F%}_1ȉVU%}8؉F%8UZ1ȉ>}%U؉%}}E E9E $e[^_U(19s 10BA9r)EWWQLJ(9Ew‰(19MvА10@A9Mw](e[^_US]SSSSǃ(]UjhСyU ShHjPEhСƒ tuj0#1E]SujjSu]U4WVS}W{EjEPWlEjEPWfEjEPW(fEjEPWyj]SjSWe WjhiXƃ |j ]SVVj *jhv,ƃ|j]SVpVnjSWWe[^_UEU ǀUS]uSǃPD]UWVS}] Cu W 1֐W9r1Ѝe[^_UWVSu E% ЉVFE9sǐ3SVP 9r9]vE)؍3PVRMt19]v𐐀09]we[^_UWVS}u E 9]s*hhhh]9VWKue[^_UUM tBPBPPhQƙƙfBfABAUp0WVSUjjuqà uu h͙}|JDž09~ tSuVPS5Pj"Dž} tLPu uu hߙDžX9~ tDžDž09~%t +}}h0Pu19 )P.Pu t =u jjP񉍘1ɉQRPu hSjs(9WPuI uu h5W99v,u h!jM1Ð9} hjPQRÃtThjPQRpPSPu uu h4jj 8%SPu uu hRjj X9~ tu2|TDž0+9bU9+u|1u hm5jK [^_U$WVS} uPDžTDžU} 1uDžTߐ}9sF)9w,SA )똃v9s@N9tVP9sOuU +19} ]9w6M T6)HPP3M4)G9} ohjP[^_UPWVSEExtHMxtAMEPuǃtu hwE%f= uuduUȁftfuu hjE@EPJ'ƋMY]E%f=uEԉE}+u hWW`jWuE ]kExu`]S}E~OM~ЙM)$ׅ}})UE)É]}}EuMqV1҃ E9Pv4uZSu4EPu u<ڋM9QwϋE@EPjV2VMyt,uA@PujMQu uƒ}jEx t_jutNE%f=u@u h5j&MIMQjVV41e[^_UVSu] jV}Shǚ5uuuSVKShњjje[^UVSu] u 7K3Ph0u 30@u 30Ɛ31e[^ULWVSu%EExtu hjjj/umƃtjuE/Vh uEUtV։1щK+E}ǐSj0V/3 EPu}euuue}|u}`ExtuTPu h jjCPVW SVvK_u.uÃ}|u;}uuExtu hSS؍e[^_UWVS}jW(ƃ= u2U:t*hWjWƃtu{jh+W ugj EPGP =u9E8u1|-WU<v 0u uuuu Q}u h45jluuu V!Vztu h7jjMu-Uz t$Ru W à }u hAjj؍e[^_UlWVSDž} hhSh\PjP^DžDžjhhTu unt|.=~s=}jtftC~vsuZxz ADž]jSj j5d!u&19us9u%?19u9t5dPh^jjDžh{Pjj5d)!t5dPhjj0DžyDžiDžYj*hhhhhVjj} })ljuhWWjDž93‹3ԛ1t uRjAR3t} Dž9|h,jPmUE UEUWVS}1F uV tMVRt|6֛tRPPhSW,Rh4SWe[^_U5 rUVSu] tt"h5hhh(EPuh(l tSPhh(( ((| B B/z}9B ~B RBP h(j h(EtVe[^UWVS} ]u=pt395 u9SP25 tt"h5hhh(tVShh(EPuh(l tWPhh(( ((| B B/z}9B ~B RBP h(j }h( }t ue[^_Ujuuuu uUjuuuu uU(WVS}] fEuu (&EUu\RP,$}VSuu%}-m}m$XZE؉UEE fE@t EURP,$}jjRP4%}-m}m] E e[^_Ujuuuu uU\WVSMEEE}ىM UUˋE EUB 9]|gEEUEeƉ׋MMϋMM uuWV%EUU9UE9E }ؙ}EÉVSu u&E܉UEUEUU Uș}E؉ɉMVSu u,%ӉΉߋE؉EU9U}}ЉUUEE9EAE5m}jju us#}-m}S$}mă$XZEUE]Ѓ}u(uuu*$huEEE]fÈ@s}v}ЋUx]Suuu $hun}1щJv4SE $u|5 $h u EJ}lE9\u9REEEUuuWV$ӉȉEUMMș}EыEHuuWV#Ɖ׋UU9]~]}ЉU]]9]}ME9}wu9uw }SMExUw|u wu+E E}uEE9| $9M~EE} u EEw)u w"MU0EHE.EUU}uEED}uzE왉ӉUEEM]wuv E@H}~BE9u09u,}w&UyEH0HE.Mjj WV"Ӏ0U jj WVx!ӉΉ߉u }uŋEe[^_Uh$etUVS]u uh46Ãu\jhhS| :h?EPjEPSu#E8tE} 1e[^UVS]uVSZ>u -tV} tPtr t t+=蒻ShQh\ShQhljPShQhjj|e[^UUM :t9u B:u1UWVS50u=4}5u9}9}U+UE)9~AE19}-u)ƉuMً}<}Uڋut >=tF>u]E;ك MА$)PR3 ue+$;1I9}u ]EE5}u&MЋIE9HuMЋI9Hu EЋM9A tEEE;n}t\}uV}tM 41hh(跹$1Ӊ]̍T$E}MM>Ext F5d}tN E Tz-uM10hÜh( #E0URM 1hh($1Ӊ]̍T$E@ My9U~E dh}tM t1hh(聸$1Ӊ]̍T$E@ ?M9:E:;$1Ӊ]̍T$}tMEEPE}t* E y-t$Puux}tKM z-u5$1hCh(葷!5$URE 0hch(n$S?$$VuNj$:ut:uD}t+=,t VM 1h VE 0hh(޶ã??W;EMMM܉M؀:uc9UuR}tVE 0hh(z5M?:]EԉEEM d5d5$>t >=tF>u]E;t`$)PR3- u9+$;1I9o}u ]EԉE EEԃ;u}t\}uV}t E 40hޝh(v$1Ӊ]̍T$?}FE؉EԀ>tcMytF5d}tE0M 1hh($1Ӊ]̍T$?Exuw9U~M dX}tE t0hh(腴$1Ӊ]̍T$?E8:uX:Q$1Ӊ]̍T$}tMԋEEPt H 1EP M $W::u$:ucdc$:uK9Uu:}tPM 1hh(胳ۉE?:uM d$Íe[^_Ujjjuu u Uu juUujUWVS]j$Tޅu8 e[^_UEu8UUu8E UWVSU] %t| ǁ<ЉƃE11‰e[^_UE} u`U(WVS1ۉ]]]M$9] vE"CEE`UEuhbuhdtu>t9] v EUCE}?uEMΉ1щHE9] vU'CEdEE}u}?uZE9EK}t1}t+EE9Er uu}Mu 9] vU\CEUEЉуw0$}}|E9Em}E|8?\T8ʃI$EEUDE9] v};?C9] vE\C9] U?a%b!fnr tv M}k}M}}D}2}9] v};'C9] vE\C9] vU'Cht7E}EX‰EujjEPӲu }uUU؉1щHEU}ffUfȅtHtu"uU9s4}<9t'AF9Mv }| EXuE΃w}}uwu}tH}uB9] vE\C9] vU0};C9] vE$ 0UCE$0EMA9vQ9] v EUCMEE덐}t-UŠMU|t 9] vE\C9] v U};CE}EU<}t9] v EUCE}?u9] vE Eqe[^_UEu8P0uuu u=UWVS}9=_4~ 9t=( u j(  $HV5( ()PjR[=(4\uju VS'ƒ9w:(r4V18tP¡(Ӊ\uju VS؍e[^_Uh8u uUujU$WVS}E uEj j]܍EP蛯SVWe[^_Uu ujU$WVSE }ܾ8 jP]S1SujVe[^_Uj:uUS]U MEtPQRhS荫PQhSzuhSi | C C+{}9C ~C SCPSj aS5,& |C C.{}9C ~C SCPSj Shת]U4thXh4j50gj2Uu躭uUu u[uUu u賧u~UW}W1щMQR.‹}U WVS}E ӋEU7uWUSQuu< 9u9_t EEG1e[^_UWVS}u ]Kt VWyt  s1e[^_UWVS]}$vhSj{hyh } u}ڀ;|XtB:}:-t3uWSEU =M9u  }uuVM9EPu衱j0u茱t@BxJ*I<`0U I$ m "3Dfw I$m"3DUfw0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ_+=%@#.kMGTPEZY?@?@XREC<5-rPrtrrrt t0t(t4t$t,tttttttttttttttttttbtbtbtXtbtvbtttbtbtbtvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvbtbtvbtstvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvbt8tvbtvbtvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvbtvXtsvvvvvsssvvvsvsvvvvvvvvvvvvsssmemory exhausted|\|\| |\|$|\|\|\|\|\|,|\|\|0|\|\|\|4|\|\|\|\|H|L|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|||\|\|\|$|\|\|\|(|\|,|\|\|\|\|\|\|4|\|\|8|HH HHHHHHHHHHH HHHH48HHHHHHHdHHHHHHHHHHHHH HH$?@versionhelpzeroverboseremovesizeiterationsforceexactTry `%s --help' for more information. Usage: %s [OPTIONS] FILE [...] Overwrite the specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to make it harder for even very expensive hardware probing to recover the data. -f, --force change permissions to allow writing if necessary -n, --iterations=N Overwrite N times instead of the default (%d) -s, --size=N shred this many bytes (suffixes like k, M, G accepted) -u, --remove truncate and remove file after overwriting -v, --verbose show progress -x, --exact do not round file sizes up to the next full block -z, --zero add a final overwrite with zeros to hide shredding - shred standard output --help display this help and exit --version print version information and exit Delete FILE(s) if --remove (-u) is specified. The default is not to remove the files because it is common to operate on device files like /dev/hda, and those files usually should not be removed. When operating on regular files, most people use the --remove option. CAUTION: Note that shred relies on a very important assumption: that the filesystem overwrites data in place. This is the traditional way to do things, but many modern filesystem designs do not satisfy this assumption. The following are examples of filesystems on which shred is not effective: * log-structured or journaled filesystems, such as those supplied with AIX and Solaris (and JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, etc.) * filesystems that write redundant data and carry on even if some writes fail, such as RAID-based filesystems * filesystems that make snapshots, such as Network Appliance's NFS server * filesystems that cache in temporary locations, such as NFS version 3 clients * compressed filesystems Report bugs to ./dev/urandom/dev/randomsize <= size_maxshred.c%s:%u: failed assertion `%s' %02x%02x%02xrandom%s: cannot rewind%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: error writing at offset %s%s: lseek%s: file too large%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: fsync%s: fstat%s: invalid file type%s: file has negative size%s: error truncating%s: fcntl%s: cannot shred append-only file descriptor%s: removing.%s: renamed to %s%s: removed/dev/fd/%s%s: close%s: cannot removefn:s:uvxz%s: invalid number of passescbBkMGTPEZY0%s: invalid file sizeColin Plumb4.1fileutilsshredmissing file argument-write error%s: %s%s: : %s%s:%s:%d: %.0f%.1f%c%.0f%csihuman-readablePOSIXLY_CORRECTBLOCK_SIZEeEgGkKmMpPtTyYzZ0block sizeinvalid %s `%s'invalid character following %s `%s'%s `%s' too large--%s: option `%s' is ambiguous %s: option `--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%s' requires an argument %s: unrecognized option `--%s' %s: unrecognized option `%c%s' %s: illegal option -- %c %s: invalid option -- %c %s: option requires an argument -- %c %s: option `-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option `-W %s' doesn't allow an argument clocalelocaleescapecshell-alwaysshellliteral"`'Copyright (C) 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.%s (%s) %s %s %s Written by %s. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. 0 <= strtol_base && strtol_base <= 36xstrtol.cinvalid argument %s for `%s'ambiguous argument %s for `%s'Valid arguments are: - `%s', `%s'C$@=?8 f|| $t6 | P ... .. ..| ,Ԅ | 4̅\     | 4D    ./bin/sync 755 0 0 60000 7441024024 5625 8__PAGEZERO __TEXT @@__text__TEXT>__fvmlib_init0__TEXTWP7__fvmlib_init1__TEXTX8__cstring__TEXTX+8__const__TEXT]=__DATA` @ __data__DATA`8@__bss__DATA8`D__common__DATAa8__LINKEDIT`0>/usr/shlib/libsys_s.B.shlibP>UWVSu`F`Ǎ^~t u9w`a=tЃ=tЃ=4t=at"SW6VPMU]UEW}XsEPE E䐐]US]t5ahXh([ *5ahYh#YhYSUVSu] ahYjhL@h>hYhYhYhYSV(thZjj jMUE `UE8`UWVS}1F uVtMVt|6Z8`tRP4 Ph#ZSW,Rh*ZSWe[^_U5 `rUVSu] at"h5ah-Zh(EPuh(a tSPh2Zh(( ((| B B/z}9B ~B RBP h(j }h( tVe[^UWVS} ]u=at395@`u<`9SP<`5@`at"h5ah7Zh(tVSh;Zh(EPuh(a tWPh2Zh(]( ((| B B/z}9B ~B RBP h(j Eh(}t ue[^_UVSEu $`$`uPjh]hPZu Pt3ht vt 'jփuuuuhGj$` `e[^UUBR)‰UWVS]j$ޅuDa e[^_UEuDaUUuDaE UWVSU] %t| ǁHaЉƃE11‰e[^_UE} uZU(WVS1ۉ]]]M$]9] vE"CEEZUEuhZuhZtu>t9] v EUCE}?uEMΉ1щHE9] vU'CEZEE}u}?uZE9EK}t1}t+EE9Er uu}Mu 9] vU\CEUEЉуw0$]}}|E9Em}E|8?\T8ʃI$t_EEUDE9] v};?C9] vE\C9] U?a%b!fnr tv M}k}M}}D}2}9] v};'C9] vE\C9] vU'Cht7E}EX‰EujjEPu }uUU؉1щHEU}ffUfȅtHtu"uU9s4}<9t'AF9Mv }| EXuE΃w}}uwu}tH}uB9] vE\C9] vU0};C9] vE$ 0UCE$0EMA9vQ9] v EUCMEE덐}t-UŠMU|t 9] vE\C9] v U};CE}EU<}t9] v EUCE}?u9] vE Eqe[^_UEuDaP0uuu u=UWVS}9=`_4~ 9t2=``u jU` ` `HV5`L ``)PjR=``4\uju VS'ƒ9w:`r4V1D`tP ¡`Ӊ\uju VS؍e[^_UhDau uUujU$WVS}E uEj j]܍EPSVWe[^_Uu ujU$WVSE }ܾDa jP]S1SujVe[^_Uj:uUjuuuu uUjuuuu uUUM :t9u B:u1UWVS5tau=xa}5 `u9}9}U+UE)9~AE19}-u)ƉuMً}<}Uڋut >=tF>u]E;ك MАha)PR3 ue+ha;1I9}u ]EE5}u&MЋIE9HuMЋI9Hu EЋM9A tEEE;n}t\}uV}t `M 41hZh(ha1Ӊ]̍Tha `E}MM `>Ext F5a}tN `E Tz-uM10hZh(4#E0URM 1hZh(ha1Ӊ]̍ThaE@ My `9U~E a `h}tM t1h[h(ha1Ӊ]̍ThaE@ (`?M9:E:;ha1Ӊ]̍Tha}tMEEPE}t* `E y-thaPuux}tK `M z-u5ha1h<[h(!5haURE 0h\[h(haY `(`?hahaVuNjha:u `t:uD}t+=pat VM 1h|[ VE 0h[h(ã(`??W;EMMM܉M؀:uc `9UuR}tVE 0h[h(5(`M?:]EԉEEM a `5a5ha>t >=tF>u]E;t`ha)PR3A u9+ha;1I9o}u ]EԉE EEԃ;u}t\}uV}t `E 40h[h(ha1Ӊ]̍Tha `?}FE؉EԀ>tcMytF5a}tE0M 1h[h( ha1Ӊ]̍Tha?Exuw `9U~M a `X}tE t0h[h(ha1Ӊ]̍Tha?E8:uX:Qha1Ӊ]̍Tha}tMԋEEPt H 1EP M haW::uha:ucacha:uK `9Uu:}tPM 1h[h(ۉ(`E?:uM a `haÍe[^_Ujjjuu u US]U MEtPQRhX\SPQhd\Suhk\S | C C+{}9C ~C SCPSj S5,` |C C.{}9C ~C SCPSj Sh{\_]U4`th_h*Zj50`'jUuBuUu uuUu u;u~>d8T8P8D8@}8<#8#4/0#,###~##(#Hy# #$t#o##  '\,`L`''''s$L(|/I+!'#`     Try `%s --help' for more information. Usage: %s [OPTION] Force changed blocks to disk, update the super block. --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit Report bugs to .Jim Meyering4.1fileutilssyncignoring all argumentswrite error%s: %s%s%s: : %s%s:%s:%d: versionhelp+clocalelocaleescapecshell-alwaysshellliteral"`'POSIXLY_CORRECT--%s: option `%s' is ambiguous %s: option `--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%s' requires an argument %s: unrecognized option `--%s' %s: unrecognized option `%c%s' %s: illegal option -- %c %s: invalid option -- %c %s: option requires an argument -- %c %s: option `-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option `-W %s' doesn't allow an argument Copyright (C) 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.%s (%s) %s %s %s Written by %s. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. KZhCZv}ZwZjZhZaZZZRZDD(D4D4DEEEEEEEhFhFhFhFhFhFhFhFhFhFhFhFhFhFhFhFhFhFFFF FFGF(FFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFFGF@EhFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFEGFGFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGFG FEGGGGGEEEGGGEGEGGGGGGGGGGGGEEEmemory exhaustedD``?&\./bin/touch 755 0 0 100000 7441024025 6007 8__PAGEZERO __TEXT ``__text__TEXT'Z=__fvmlib_init0__TEXTldPlD__fvmlib_init1__TEXTeE__const__TEXTeE__cstring__TEXTtE T__literal8__TEXT ___DATA ` __data__DATA<`__bss__DATA<__common__DATA8__LINKEDIT0>/usr/shlib/libsys_s.B.shlibP'UWVSuFǍ^~t u9wa=tЃ=tЃ=4t =tZSW6V)PQU]UEld}esEPE E䐐]UHWVS}1=@u hhWà u5=PuktEPS]uSEPWt?tW%-PhtVjW-Pht5VDSt'S}W,Pht5j=PtjJ=HttE|E TEE<uE؉EuEEEPWJt5tWV,PhtVjWB,Ph u5Vte[^_US]t5h uh( :5hGu45hfu$huhx3S1UWVSE]M h%yuyh0aM D L H @ <T jheh&yu uydt|2t=})=~Aat;ctB1rtgftmtOttg= <h@]Dj5-: <8HX#Lj 5)Tu5I*Ph1yjj~C5 jjhTfh MM;u( ((|B B/z}9B ~B RBP h(j e[^_UWVS] }uuVWuS}PSuVWuU Ҹe[^_UWVSE 8t%Uu׋MuU8u1e[^_UEUEUWVS}1F uVs-tMVt|6XztRP0-PhdzSW,RhkzSWe[^_U5rUVSu] $t"hL5hnzh(dEPuh(w tSfPhszh(-( ((| B B/z}9B ~B RBP h(j h(tV\e[^UWVS} ]u= t395u9SP5$t"h,5hxzh(DtVSh|zh(,EPuh(? 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This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. clocalelocaleescapecshell-alwaysshellliteral"`'v@8@N@UUUA<-?~(./bin/df 755 0 0 100000 7441024015 5255 8__PAGEZERO __TEXT ``__text__TEXT(C__fvmlib_init0__TEXTkPK__fvmlib_init1__TEXT0m0M__const__TEXT0m0M__cstring__TEXT$t $T__literal8__TEXT ___DATA ` __data__DATA`__bss__DATA؁p__common__DATAP8__LINKEDIT0>/usr/shlib/libsys_s.B.shlibP(UWVSuFǍ^~t u9wa=tЃ=tЃ=4t =PtYSW6VPU]UEk}0msEPE E䐐]U0WVSht=t htht=؁t ht }ht}=t QhudhjEPșEЉURPIÉ1Iv'jh+u<wV5 u GPVSh.uFhTu9e[^_UVSutuÐ3Vt[u؍e[^UVSut)u #Ð3Vbt[u1e[^US]U Muu au6E tPuuEPЉʅt؃RP4tH-]UPWVSuDž,Dž0}t =R}t=܁u =6u#uǃ] uEPVSB t'SY*Phcu5WCE Eu=܁u =uau}uEau=tc1щK})ʃu)PVhfue=u uVhnu6uVhxu+1щJ~=uh~uVhu Vhu=؁tuDžXDžTDžPL| PLEDEHUuCPCPss3[ujjjjVe[^UWVS]u DžtxP fF%f=@u}S}PS&V#VL VWW}EPhuB|U]Shu*|=Ef9Eu)E9Et!hu|}뽐O$t5tjxSW tjcS 5th[^_U\WVSEE8/uPt/ugEtVCuHCE1щO9}s,9}r't9}t<7/uWVu u]}[u}t?Urut(EPr[uU f]f9Uuf{ uGVsu EfC .s$Phcu5j fC fS E f9u+Vsu fC f9EtfC Cti][p}uRu uÃtuuuSuSEu|Phcu5ud#]CPCPss3O1tP7e[^_UMU fB%f=`tf= u Q RQAUSt*CPCPss3[u؋]US]j!‰B]US]j!‰B]US]t5Xhuh(7 *5XhuhvhLzSUWVSEM Xh~uuh>M ؁ ܁ hQhuz$P}M jh0mhzu ue !irH 3=~=}tF{TPahvW1lkpmt Y=x===!܁؁}m] M =hj5T "5T 5Tj*hzhzhzhzhjjE=tQt=37ƃu"7PhzVVE [uŋu}tj_E+PNj59u~^M +P3|t03Phcu5jvEF9u1=u=u=u =tPu4{9Eu~u9E%Rh{5P= tM9 uP}~9]~.M 4t+PRRC9]5UEUEUWVS}1F uVtMVt|6J{tRP#PhV{SWRhcuSWe[^_U5rUS]j/St(xu9sx/uH9r9s )Pj/S#uu9s 8/uH9r)؍PE Ћ]UVSEPu|ƍFP>à tVuSC1؍e[^UVSu] dt"h5Xh]{h(EPuh(\ tSPhb{h(( ((| B B/z}9B ~B RBP h(j mh(tVe[^UWVS} ]u=`t395 u9SP5 dt"h5Xhg{h(tVShk{h(EPuh(\ tWPhb{h(M( ((| B B/z}9B ~B RBP h(j 5h(}t uxe[^_US]C=t Cuhs{5P1]UVSu1ۃ>|v}vhcu5SY؍e[^US]| PCtP,]U@WVSEPu} Uĸ9tЋuMȸ9t Ή}GWM̸9t Ή}G WEЉƉ%1҃ Ӌ}O_EЙGMԸ9t Ή}G W$Mظ9t Ή}G(W,1e[^_Ujuuuu uUjuuuu uU(WVS}] fEuu $EUu\RP,$}VSuu$}-Xnm}m$XZE؉UEE fE@t EURP,$}jjRP#}-Xnm}m] E e[^_Ujuuuu uU\WVSMEEE}ىM UUˋE EUB 9]|gEEUEeƉ׋MMϋMM uuWV?$EUU9UE9E }ؙ}EÉVSu u%E܉UEUEUU Uș}E؉ɉMVSu u#ӉΉߋE؉EU9U}}ЉUUEE9EAE5m}jju u!}-dnm}S$}mă$XZEUE]Ѓ}u(uuu*$h{uEEE]fÈ@s}v}ЋULn]Suuu $h{uN}1щJv4SE $u|5 $h{uEJ}lE9\u9REEEUuuWV"ӉȉEUMMș}EыEHuuWV!Ɖ׋UU9]~]}ЉU]]9]}ME9}wu9uw }SMELnUw|u wu+E E}uEE9| $9M~EE} u EEw)u w"MU0EHE.EUU}uEED}uzE왉ӉUEEM]wuv E@H}~BE9u09u,}w&UMnEH0HE.Mjj WV&!Ӏ0U jj WVӉΉ߉u }uŋEe[^_Uh{EtUVS]u uh{Ãu\jh|nhpnSb| |n:h{EPjEPSwu#E8tE} 1e[^UVS]uVSZ>u -tV} tPtr t t+=rSh|h|Sh|h"|jPSh|hF|jje[^UUM :t9u B:u1UWVS5u= }5u9}9}U+UE)9~AE19}-u)ƉuMً}<}Uڋut >=tF>u]E;ك MА)PR3 ue+;1I9}u ]EE5}u&MЋIE9HuMЋI9Hu EЋM9A tEEE;n}t\}uV}tM 41h[|h(1Ӊ]̍TE}MM>Ext F5T}tN E Tz-uM10hy|h(#E0URM 1h|h(1Ӊ]̍TE@ My9U~E Th}tM t1h|h(a1Ӊ]̍TE@ ?M9:E:;1Ӊ]̍T}tMEEPE}t* E y-tPuux}tKM z-u51h|h(q!5URE 0h}h(N~u ?VuNj:ut:uD}t+=t VM 1h9} VE 0hS}h(ã ??W;EMMM܉M؀:uc9UuR}tVE 0hm}h(Z5 M?:]EԉEEM T5T5>t >=tF>u]E;t`)PR3  u9+;1I9o}u ]EԉE EEԃ;u}t\}uV}t E 40h}h(V1Ӊ]̍T?}FE؉EԀ>tcMytF5T}tE0M 1h}h(1Ӊ]̍T?Exuw9U~M TX}tE t0h|h(e1Ӊ]̍T?E8:uX:Q1Ӊ]̍T}tMԋEEPt H 1EP M W::u:ucTc:uK9Uu:}tPM 1hm}h(cۉ E?:uM TÍe[^_Ujjjuu u Uu jux UujUSM1ۀ9tL<w\,<w\< w\A9u؋]UWVSMMh}h}sEzu<Ej_ËM1MqCMqC1҉ƿ}EMt&ƿ}tƿ}uC$ЈCj:3ҊC$ЈCh~Mq t,x0uPxtXuPfC fC M]utMEI5M}t-EX0Epu] u։51e[^_UWU1у~ѐ9/uI9}US]U MEtPQRh9~SqPQhE~S^uhL~SM | C C+{}9C ~C SCPSj ES5$  |C C.{}9C ~C SCPSj Sh\~]UWVSSZt Sg="uWWVu1"uVA|8 V-[^_U,thnhcuj5(jjUuuUu uuUu uu~UW}W1щMQRf‹}UUBR)‰UWVS]j$Lޅu$ e[^_UEu$UUu$E UWVSU] %t| ǁ(ЉƃE11‰e[^_UE} u'U(WVS1ۉ]]]M$n9] vE"CEE'UEuh)uh+tu>t9] v EUCE}?uEMΉ1щHE9] vU'CE+EE}u}?uZE9EK}t1}t+EE9Er uu}Mu 9] vU\CEUEЉуw0$n}}|E9Em}E|8?\T8ʃI$pEEUDE9] v};?C9] vE\C9] U?a%b!fnr tv M}k}M}}D}2}9] v};'C9] vE\C9] vU'Cht7E}EX‰EujjEPu }uUU؉1щHEU}ffUfȅtHtu"uU9s4}<9t'AF9Mv }| EXuE΃w}}uwu}tH}uB9] vE\C9] vU0};C9] vE$ 0UCE$0EMA9vQ9] v EUCMEE덐}t-UŠMU|t 9] vE\C9] v U};CE}EU<}t9] v EUCE}?u9] vE Eqe[^_UEu$P0uuu u=UWVS}9=0_4~ 9t=<4u j< 4 8HV5< <0)PjR=0<4\uju VS'ƒ9w:<r4V1$tP¡<Ӊ\uju VS؍e[^_Uh$u uUujU$WVS}E uEj j]܍EPSVWe[^_Uu ujU$WVSE }ܾ$ jP]S1SujVe[^_Uj:uUWVSuU UMttIU8NuE ׉ ǃvYA1~1¸~Ѕt1U8QuCEU8QuC8U8t!U8u#w IU8u Nu1e[^_UjUWVSU EE}1щHEEE:ӋEE쐐}tuu3uu3 uR;1щHEE9EtX}u EE(}tEEuƋ}MtEEEE;m}uEEe[^_Ujuuu uUjuuu uUSJ}u-uu jwPSjj]UWVSEhih(舿M9t\ˋM M9]tu}Mt3h~h(MMM3hh(2 MM;u( ((|B B/z}9B ~B RBP h(j e[^_UWVS] }uuVWuS}PSuVWuU Ҹe[^_UWVSE 8t%Uu׋MuU8u1e[^_UVS] M 1u 93u 1e[^UWVS}u ]Kt VWt  s1e[^_U WVS]u}$vhj{hh} u}ڀ;|XtB:}:-t-uWSE =9u :EPVj0V t@tt1tx,t~$t}?@kMGTPEZY?@?@ttmemory exhausted  ~~\ \D\P\P\]]^]^]]^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^2^2^2^(^2^_2^D^2^2^2^________________2^2^_2^\]^__________________________2^^_2^_2^___________________________2^_(^]_____]]]___]_]____________]]]gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg?@versionhelpexclude-typetypeno-syncsyncprint-typeportabilitymegabyteslocalkilobytessihuman-readableinodesblock-sizeallFilesystem Type Inodes IUsed IFree IUse%% Size Used Avail Use%% %4d-blocks Used Available Capacity.0 %4s-blocks Used Available Use%% Mounted on -%s%s%*s %s %18s %s %s%s %20s%-20s %*s %*s %*s %*.0f%%- %*s %s...lofsTry `%s --help' for more information. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Show information about the filesystem on which each FILE resides, or all filesystems by default. -a, --all include filesystems having 0 blocks --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) -H, --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -i, --inodes list inode information instead of block usage -k, --kilobytes like --block-size=1024 -l, --local limit listing to local filesystems -m, --megabytes like --block-size=1048576 --no-sync do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default) -P, --portability use the POSIX output format --sync invoke sync before getting usage info -t, --type=TYPE limit listing to filesystems of type TYPE -T, --print-type print filesystem type -x, --exclude-type=TYPE limit listing to filesystems not of type TYPE -v (ignored) --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit Report bugs to .DF_BLOCK_SIZEaiF:hHklmPTt:vx:Torbjorn Granlund, David MacKenzie, Larry McVoy, and Paul Eggert4.1fileutilsdffile system type %s both selected and excludedWarning: %scannot read table of mounted filesystemswrite error%s: %s%s: : %s%s:%s:%d: cannot get current directory from saved working directorycannot return to %s%s%s%.0f%.1f%c%.0f%cPOSIXLY_CORRECTBLOCK_SIZEeEgGkKmMpPtTyYzZ0block sizeinvalid %s `%s'invalid character following %s `%s'%s `%s' too large--%s: option `%s' is ambiguous %s: option `--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option `%s' requires an argument %s: unrecognized option `--%s' %s: unrecognized option `%c%s' %s: illegal option -- %c %s: invalid option -- %c %s: option requires an argument -- %c %s: option `-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option `-W %s' doesn't allow an argument /etc/mtabrautoautofsignoredev=Copyright (C) 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.%s (%s) %s %s %s Written by %s. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. clocalelocaleescapecshell-alwaysshellliteral"`'invalid argument %s for `%s'ambiguous argument %s for `%s'Valid arguments are: - `%s', `%s'0 <= strtol_base && strtol_base <= 36xstrtol.c%s:%u: failed assertion `%s' Y@C$@=?~$4Hc| $h6 | PHh< ... .. ..| ,ph | 4hi    | 4j   ./info/ 755 0 0 0 7441023257 5014 ./info/fileutils.info 644 0 0 512433 7272750365 10037 This is fileutils.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.0 from fileutils.texi. START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY * File utilities: (fileutils). GNU file utilities. * chgrp: (fileutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups. * chown: (fileutils)chown invocation. Change file owners/groups. * chmod: (fileutils)chmod invocation. Change file permissions. * cp: (fileutils)cp invocation. Copy files. * dd: (fileutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file. * df: (fileutils)df invocation. Report filesystem disk usage. * dir: (fileutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly. * dircolors: (fileutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls. * du: (fileutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage. * install: (fileutils)install invocation. Copy and change attributes. * ln: (fileutils)ln invocation. Make links between files. * ls: (fileutils)ls invocation. List directory contents. * mkdir: (fileutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories. * mkfifo: (fileutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes). * mknod: (fileutils)mknod invocation. Create special files. * mv: (fileutils)mv invocation. Rename files. * rm: (fileutils)rm invocation. Remove files. * rmdir: (fileutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories. * shred: (fileutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely. * sync: (fileutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory and disk. * touch: (fileutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps. * vdir: (fileutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely. END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY This file documents the GNU set of file utilities. Copyright 1994, 95, 96, 1999, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".  File: fileutils.info, Node: Top, Next: Introduction, Up: (dir) GNU file utilities ****************** This manual documents version 4.1 of the GNU file utilities. * Menu: * Introduction:: Caveats, overview, and authors. * Common options:: Common options. * File permissions:: Access modes. * Date input formats:: Specifying date strings. * Directory listing:: ls dir vdir d v dircolors * Basic operations:: cp dd install mv rm shred * Special file types:: ln mkdir rmdir mkfifo mknod * Changing file attributes:: chgrp chmod chown touch * Disk usage:: df du sync * Index:: General index.  File: fileutils.info, Node: Introduction, Next: Common options, Prev: Top, Up: Top Introduction ************ This manual is incomplete: No attempt is made to explain basic file concepts in a way suitable for novices. Thus, if you are interested, please get involved in improving this manual. The entire GNU community will benefit. The GNU file utilities are mostly compatible with the POSIX.2 standard. Please report bugs to . Remember to include the version number, machine architecture, input files, and any other information needed to reproduce the bug: your input, what you expected, what you got, and why it is wrong. Diffs are welcome, but please include a description of the problem as well, since this is sometimes difficult to infer. *Note Bugs: (gcc)Bugs. This manual was originally derived from the Unix man pages in the distribution, which were written by David MacKenzie and updated by Jim Meyering. What you are reading now is the authoritative documentation for these utilities; the man pages are no longer being maintained. Franc,ois Pinard did the initial conversion to Texinfo format. Karl Berry did the indexing, some reorganization, and editing of the results. Richard Stallman contributed his usual invaluable insights to the overall process.  File: fileutils.info, Node: Common options, Next: File permissions, Prev: Introduction, Up: Top Common options ************** Certain options are available in all of these programs (in fact, every GNU program should accept them). Rather than writing identical descriptions for each of the programs, they are described here. `--help' Print a usage message listing all available options, then exit successfully. `--version' Print the version number, then exit successfully. * Menu: * Backup options:: -b -S -V, in some programs. * Block size:: BLOCK_SIZE and --block-size, in some programs. * Target directory:: --target-directory, in some programs. * Trailing slashes:: --strip-trailing-slashes, in some programs.  File: fileutils.info, Node: Backup options, Next: Block size, Up: Common options Backup options ============== Some GNU programs (at least `cp', `install', `ln', and `mv') optionally make backups of files before writing new versions. These options control the details of these backups. The options are also briefly mentioned in the descriptions of the particular programs. `-b' `--backup[=METHOD]' Make a backup of each file that would otherwise be overwritten or removed. Without this option, the original versions are destroyed. Use METHOD to determine the type of backups to make. When this option is used but METHOD is not specified, then the value of the `VERSION_CONTROL' environment variable is used. And if `VERSION_CONTROL' is not set, the default backup type is `existing'. Note that the short form of this option, `-b' does not accept any argument. Using `-b' is equivalent to using `--backup=existing'. This option corresponds to the Emacs variable `version-control'; the values for METHOD are the same as those used in Emacs. This option also accepts more descriptive names. The valid METHODs are (unique abbreviations are accepted): `none' `off' Never make backups. `numbered' `t' Always make numbered backups. `existing' `nil' Make numbered backups of files that already have them, simple backups of the others. `simple' `never' Always make simple backups. Please note `never' is not to be confused with `none'. `-S SUFFIX' `--suffix=SUFFIX' Append SUFFIX to each backup file made with `-b'. If this option is not specified, the value of the `SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX' environment variable is used. And if `SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX' is not set, the default is `~', just as in Emacs. `--version-control=METHOD' This option is obsolete and will be removed in a future release. It has been replaced with `--backup'.  File: fileutils.info, Node: Block size, Next: Target directory, Prev: Backup options, Up: Common options Block size ========== Some GNU programs (at least `df', `du', and `ls') display file sizes in "blocks". You can adjust the block size to make file sizes easier to read. The block size used for display is independent of any filesystem block size. Normally, disk usage sizes are rounded up, disk free space sizes are rounded down, and other sizes are rounded to the nearest value with ties rounding to an even value. The default block size is chosen by examining the following environment variables in turn; the first one that is set determines the block size. `DF_BLOCK_SIZE' This specifies the default block size for the `df' command. Similarly, `DU_BLOCK_SIZE' specifies the default for `du' and `LS_BLOCK_SIZE' for `ls'. `BLOCK_SIZE' This specifies the default block size for all three commands, if the above command-specific environment variables are not set. `POSIXLY_CORRECT' If neither the `COMMAND_BLOCK_SIZE' nor the `BLOCK_SIZE' variables are set, but this variable is set, the block size defaults to 512. If none of the above environment variables are set, the block size currently defaults to 1024 bytes, but this number may change in the future. A block size specification can be a positive integer specifying the number of bytes per block, or it can be `human-readable' or `si' to select a human-readable format. With human-readable formats, output sizes are followed by a size letter such as `M' for megabytes. `BLOCK_SIZE=human-readable' uses powers of 1024; `M' stands for 1,048,576 bytes. `BLOCK_SIZE=si' is similar, but uses powers of 1000; `M' stands for 1,000,000 bytes. (SI, the International System of Units, defines these power-of-1000 prefixes.) An integer block size can be followed by a size letter to specify a multiple of that size. When this notation is used, the size letters normally stand for powers of 1024, and can be followed by an optional `B' for "byte"; but if followed by `D' (for "decimal byte"), they stand for powers of 1000. For example, `BLOCK_SIZE=4MB' is equivalent to `BLOCK_SIZE=4194304', and `BLOCK_SIZE=4MD' is equivalent to `BLOCK_SIZE=4000000'. The following size letters are defined. Large sizes like `1Y' may be rejected by your computer due to limitations of its arithmetic. `k' kilo: 2^10 = 1024 for `human-readable', or 10^3 = 1000 for `si'. `M' Mega: 2^20 = 1,048,576 or 10^6 = 1,000,000. `G' Giga: 2^30 = 1,073,741,824 or 10^9 = 1,000,000,000. `T' Tera: 2^40 = 1,099,511,627,776 or 10^12 = 1,000,000,000,000. `P' Peta: 2^50 = 1,125,899,906,842,624 or 10^15 = 1,000,000,000,000,000. `E' Exa: 2^60 = 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 or 10^18 = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000. `Z' Zetta: 2^70 = 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 or 10^21 = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000. `Y' Yotta: 2^80 = 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176 or 10^24 = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000. Block size defaults can be overridden by an explicit `--block-size=SIZE' option. The `-k' or `--kilobytes' option is equivalent to `--block-size=1k', which is the default unless the `POSIXLY_CORRECT' environment variable is set. The `-h' or `--human-readable' option is equivalent to `--block-size=human-readable'. The `--si' option is equivalent to `--block-size=si'.  File: fileutils.info, Node: Target directory, Next: Trailing slashes, Prev: Block size, Up: Common options Target directory ================ Some GNU programs (at least `cp', `install', `ln', and `mv') allow you to specify the target directory via this option: `--target-directory=DIRECTORY' Specify the destination DIRECTORY. The interface for most programs is that after processing options and a finite (possibly zero) number of fixed-position arguments, the remaining argument list is either expected to be empty, or is a list of items (usually files) that will all be handled identically. The `xargs' program is designed to work well with this convention. The commands in the `mv'-family are unusual in that they take a variable number of arguments with a special case at the _end_ (namely, the target directory). This makes it nontrivial to perform some operations, e.g., "move all files from here to ../d/", because `mv * ../d/' might exhaust the argument space, and `ls | xargs ...' doesn't have a clean way to specify an extra final argument for each invocation of the subject command. (It can be done by going through a shell command, but that requires more human labor and brain power than it should.) The `--target-directory' option allows the `cp', `install', `ln', and `mv' programs to be used conveniently with `xargs'. For example, you can move the files from the current directory to a sibling directory, `d' like this: (However, this doesn't move files whose names begin with `.'.) ls |xargs mv --target-directory=../d If you use the GNU `find' program, you can move _all_ files with this command: find . -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 \ | xargs mv --target-directory=../d But that will fail if there are no files in the current directory or if any file has a name containing a newline character. The following example removes those limitations and requires both GNU `find' and GNU `xargs': find . -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -print0 \ | xargs --null --no-run-if-empty \ mv --target-directory=../d  File: fileutils.info, Node: Trailing slashes, Prev: Target directory, Up: Common options Trailing slashes ================ Some GNU programs (at least `cp' and `mv') allow you to remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument before operating on it. The `--strip-trailing-slashes' option enables this behavior. This is useful when a SOURCE argument may have a trailing slash and specify a symbolic link to a directory. This scenario is in fact rather common because some shells can automatically append a trailing slash when performing file name completion on such symbolic links. Without this option, `mv', for example, (via the system's rename function) must interpret a trailing slash as a request to dereference the symbolic link and so must rename the indirectly referenced _directory_ and not the symbolic link. Although it may seem surprising that such behavior be the default, it is required by POSIX.2 and is consistent with other parts of that standard.  File: fileutils.info, Node: File permissions, Next: Date input formats, Prev: Common options, Up: Top File permissions **************** Each file has a set of "permissions" that control the kinds of access that users have to that file. The permissions for a file are also called its "access mode". They can be represented either in symbolic form or as an octal number. * Menu: * Mode Structure:: Structure of file permissions. * Symbolic Modes:: Mnemonic permissions representation. * Numeric Modes:: Permissions as octal numbers.  File: fileutils.info, Node: Mode Structure, Next: Symbolic Modes, Up: File permissions Structure of File Permissions ============================= There are three kinds of permissions that a user can have for a file: 1. permission to read the file. For directories, this means permission to list the contents of the directory. 2. permission to write to (change) the file. For directories, this means permission to create and remove files in the directory. 3. permission to execute the file (run it as a program). For directories, this means permission to access files in the directory. There are three categories of users who may have different permissions to perform any of the above operations on a file: 1. the file's owner; 2. other users who are in the file's group; 3. everyone else. Files are given an owner and group when they are created. Usually the owner is the current user and the group is the group of the directory the file is in, but this varies with the operating system, the filesystem the file is created on, and the way the file is created. You can change the owner and group of a file by using the `chown' and `chgrp' commands. In addition to the three sets of three permissions listed above, a file's permissions have three special components, which affect only executable files (programs) and, on some systems, directories: 1. set the process's effective user ID to that of the file upon execution (called the "setuid bit"). No effect on directories. 2. set the process's effective group ID to that of the file upon execution (called the "setgid bit"). For directories on some systems, put files created in the directory into the same group as the directory, no matter what group the user who creates them is in. 3. save the program's text image on the swap device so it will load more quickly when run (called the "sticky bit"). For directories on some systems, prevent users from removing or renaming a file in a directory unless they own the file or the directory; this is called the "restriction deletion flag" for the directory.  File: fileutils.info, Node: Symbolic Modes, Next: Numeric Modes, Prev: Mode Structure, Up: File permissions Symbolic Modes ============== "Symbolic modes" represent changes to files' permissions as operations on single-character symbols. They allow you to modify either all or selected parts of files' permissions, optionally based on their previous values, and perhaps on the current `umask' as well (*note Umask and Protection::). The format of symbolic modes is: [ugoa...][[+-=][rwxXstugo...]...][,...] The following sections describe the operators and other details of symbolic modes. * Menu: * Setting Permissions:: Basic operations on permissions. * Copying Permissions:: Copying existing permissions. * Changing Special Permissions:: Special permissions. * Conditional Executability:: Conditionally affecting executability. * Multiple Changes:: Making multiple changes. * Umask and Protection:: The effect of the umask.  File: fileutils.info, Node: Setting Permissions, Next: Copying Permissions, Up: Symbolic Modes Setting Permissions ------------------- The basic symbolic operations on a file's permissions are adding, removing, and setting the permission that certain users have to read, write, and execute the file. These operations have the following format: USERS OPERATION PERMISSIONS The spaces between the three parts above are shown for readability only; symbolic modes cannot contain spaces. The USERS part tells which users' access to the file is changed. It consists of one or more of the following letters (or it can be empty; *note Umask and Protection::, for a description of what happens then). When more than one of these letters is given, the order that they are in does not matter. `u' the user who owns the file; `g' other users who are in the file's group; `o' all other users; `a' all users; the same as `ugo'. The OPERATION part tells how to change the affected users' access to the file, and is one of the following symbols: `+' to add the PERMISSIONS to whatever permissions the USERS already have for the file; `-' to remove the PERMISSIONS from whatever permissions the USERS already have for the file; `=' to make the PERMISSIONS the only permissions that the USERS have for the file. The PERMISSIONS part tells what kind of access to the file should be changed; it is zero or more of the following letters. As with the USERS part, the order does not matter when more than one letter is given. Omitting the PERMISSIONS part is useful only with the `=' operation, where it gives the specified USERS no access at all to the file. `r' the permission the USERS have to read the file; `w' the permission the USERS have to write to the file; `x' the permission the USERS have to execute the file. For example, to give everyone permission to read and write a file, but not to execute it, use: a=rw To remove write permission for from all users other than the file's owner, use: go-w The above command does not affect the access that the owner of the file has to it, nor does it affect whether other users can read or execute the file. To give everyone except a file's owner no permission to do anything with that file, use the mode below. Other users could still remove the file, if they have write permission on the directory it is in. go= Another way to specify the same thing is: og-rxw  File: fileutils.info, Node: Copying Permissions, Next: Changing Special Permissions, Prev: Setting Permissions, Up: Symbolic Modes Copying Existing Permissions ---------------------------- You can base a file's permissions on its existing permissions. To do this, instead of using `r', `w', or `x' after the operator, you use the letter `u', `g', or `o'. For example, the mode o+g adds the permissions for users who are in a file's group to the permissions that other users have for the file. Thus, if the file started out as mode 664 (`rw-rw-r--'), the above mode would change it to mode 666 (`rw-rw-rw-'). If the file had started out as mode 741 (`rwxr----x'), the above mode would change it to mode 745 (`rwxr--r-x'). The `-' and `=' operations work analogously.  File: fileutils.info, Node: Changing Special Permissions, Next: Conditional Executability, Prev: Copying Permissions, Up: Symbolic Modes Changing Special Permissions ---------------------------- In addition to changing a file's read, write, and execute permissions, you can change its special permissions. *Note Mode Structure::, for a summary of these permissions. To change a file's permission to set the user ID on execution, use `u' in the USERS part of the symbolic mode and `s' in the PERMISSIONS part. To change a file's permission to set the group ID on execution, use `g' in the USERS part of the symbolic mode and `s' in the PERMISSIONS part. To change a file's permission to stay permanently on the swap device, use `o' in the USERS part of the symbolic mode and `t' in the PERMISSIONS part. For example, to add set user ID permission to a program, you can use the mode: u+s To remove both set user ID and set group ID permission from it, you can use the mode: ug-s To cause a program to be saved on the swap device, you can use the mode: o+t Remember that the special permissions only affect files that are executable, plus, on some systems, directories (on which they have different meanings; *note Mode Structure::). Also, the combinations `u+t', `g+t', and `o+s' have no effect. The `=' operator is not very useful with special permissions; for example, the mode: o=t does cause the file to be saved on the swap device, but it also removes all read, write, and execute permissions that users not in the file's group might have had for it.  File: fileutils.info, Node: Conditional Executability, Next: Multiple Changes, Prev: Changing Special Permissions, Up: Symbolic Modes Conditional Executability ------------------------- There is one more special type of symbolic permission: if you use `X' instead of `x', execute permission is affected only if the file already had execute permission or is a directory. It affects directories' execute permission even if they did not initially have any execute permissions set. For example, this mode: a+X gives all users permission to execute files (or search directories) if anyone could before.  File: fileutils.info, Node: Multiple Changes, Next: Umask and Protection, Prev: Conditional Executability, Up: Symbolic Modes Making Multiple Changes ----------------------- The format of symbolic modes is actually more complex than described above (*note Setting Permissions::). It provides two ways to make multiple changes to files' permissions. The first way is to specify multiple OPERATION and PERMISSIONS parts after a USERS part in the symbolic mode. For example, the mode: og+rX-w gives users other than the owner of the file read permission and, if it is a directory or if someone already had execute permission to it, gives them execute permission; and it also denies them write permission to the file. It does not affect the permission that the owner of the file has for it. The above mode is equivalent to the two modes: og+rX og-w The second way to make multiple changes is to specify more than one simple symbolic mode, separated by commas. For example, the mode: a+r,go-w gives everyone permission to read the file and removes write permission on it for all users except its owner. Another example: u=rwx,g=rx,o= sets all of the non-special permissions for the file explicitly. (It gives users who are not in the file's group no permission at all for it.) The two methods can be combined. The mode: a+r,g+x-w gives all users permission to read the file, and gives users who are in the file's group permission to execute it, as well, but not permission to write to it. The above mode could be written in several different ways; another is: u+r,g+rx,o+r,g-w  File: fileutils.info, Node: Umask and Protection, Prev: Multiple Changes, Up: Symbolic Modes The Umask and Protection ------------------------ If the USERS part of a symbolic mode is omitted, it defaults to `a' (affect all users), except that any permissions that are _set_ in the system variable `umask' are _not affected_. The value of `umask' can be set using the `umask' command. Its default value varies from system to system. Omitting the USERS part of a symbolic mode is generally not useful with operations other than `+'. It is useful with `+' because it allows you to use `umask' as an easily customizable protection against giving away more permission to files than you intended to. As an example, if `umask' has the value 2, which removes write permission for users who are not in the file's group, then the mode: +w adds permission to write to the file to its owner and to other users who are in the file's group, but _not_ to other users. In contrast, the mode: a+w ignores `umask', and _does_ give write permission for the file to all users.  File: fileutils.info, Node: Numeric Modes, Prev: Symbolic Modes, Up: File permissions Numeric Modes ============= File permissions are stored internally as integers. As an alternative to giving a symbolic mode, you can give an octal (base 8) number that corresponds to the internal representation of the new mode. This number is always interpreted in octal; you do not have to add a leading 0, as you do in C. Mode 0055 is the same as mode 55. A numeric mode is usually shorter than the corresponding symbolic mode, but it is limited in that it cannot take into account a file's previous permissions; it can only set them absolutely. On most systems, the permissions granted to the user, to other users in the file's group, and to other users not in the file's group are each stored as three bits, which are represented as one octal digit. The three special permissions are also each stored as one bit, and they are as a group represented as another octal digit. Here is how the bits are arranged, starting with the lowest valued bit: Value in Corresponding Mode Permission Other users not in the file's group: 1 Execute 2 Write 4 Read Other users in the file's group: 10 Execute 20 Write 40 Read The file's owner: 100 Execute 200 Write 400 Read Special permissions: 1000 Save text image on swap device 2000 Set group ID on execution 4000 Set user ID on execution For example, numeric mode 4755 corresponds to symbolic mode `u=rwxs,go=rx', and numeric mode 664 corresponds to symbolic mode `ug=rw,o=r'. Numeric mode 0 corresponds to symbolic mode `ugo='.  File: fileutils.info, Node: Date input formats, Next: Directory listing, Prev: File permissions, Up: Top Date input formats ****************** First, a quote: Our units of temporal measurement, from seconds on up to months, are so complicated, asymmetrical and disjunctive so as to make coherent mental reckoning in time all but impossible. Indeed, had some tyrannical god contrived to enslave our minds to time, to make it all but impossible for us to escape subjection to sodden routines and unpleasant surprises, he could hardly have done better than handing down our present system. It is like a set of trapezoidal building blocks, with no vertical or horizontal surfaces, like a language in which the simplest thought demands ornate constructions, useless particles and lengthy circumlocutions. Unlike the more successful patterns of language and science, which enable us to face experience boldly or at least level-headedly, our system of temporal calculation silently and persistently encourages our terror of time. ... It is as though architects had to measure length in feet, width in meters and height in ells; as though basic instruction manuals demanded a knowledge of five different languages. It is no wonder then that we often look into our own immediate past or future, last Tuesday or a week from Sunday, with feelings of helpless confusion. ... -- Robert Grudin, `Time and the Art of Living'. This section describes the textual date representations that GNU programs accept. These are the strings you, as a user, can supply as arguments to the various programs. The C interface (via the `getdate' function) is not described here. Although the date syntax here can represent any possible time since the year zero, computer integers often cannot represent such a wide range of time. On POSIX systems, the clock starts at 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC: POSIX does not require support for times before the POSIX Epoch and times far in the future. Traditional Unix systems have 32-bit signed `time_t' and can represent times from 1901-12-13 20:45:52 through 2038-01-19 03:14:07 UTC. Systems with 64-bit signed `time_t' can represent all the times in the known lifetime of the universe. * Menu: * General date syntax:: Common rules. * Calendar date items:: 19 Dec 1994. * Time of day items:: 9:20pm. * Time zone items:: EST, PDT, GMT, ... * Day of week items:: Monday and others. * Relative items in date strings:: next tuesday, 2 years ago. * Pure numbers in date strings:: 19931219, 1440. * Authors of getdate:: Bellovin, Eggert, Salz, Berets, et al.  File: fileutils.info, Node: General date syntax, Next: Calendar date items, Up: Date input formats General date syntax =================== A "date" is a string, possibly empty, containing many items separated by whitespace. The whitespace may be omitted when no ambiguity arises. The empty string means the beginning of today (i.e., midnight). Order of the items is immaterial. A date string may contain many flavors of items: * calendar date items * time of the day items * time zone items * day of the week items * relative items * pure numbers. We describe each of these item types in turn, below. A few numbers may be written out in words in most contexts. This is most useful for specifying day of the week items or relative items (see below). Here is the list: `first' for 1, `next' for 2, `third' for 3, `fourth' for 4, `fifth' for 5, `sixth' for 6, `seventh' for 7, `eighth' for 8, `ninth' for 9, `tenth' for 10, `eleventh' for 11 and `twelfth' for 12. Also, `last' means exactly -1. When a month is written this way, it is still considered to be written numerically, instead of being "spelled in full"; this changes the allowed strings. In the current implementation, only English is supported for words and abbreviations like `AM', `DST', `EST', `first', `January', `Sunday', `tomorrow', and `year'. The output of `date' is not always acceptable as a date string, not only because of the language problem, but also because there is no standard meaning for time zone items like `IST'. When using `date' to generate a date string intended to be parsed later, specify a date format that is independent of language and that does not use time zone items other than `UTC' and `Z'. Here are some ways to do this: $ LC_ALL=C TZ=UTC0 date Fri Dec 15 19:48:05 UTC 2000 $ TZ=UTC0 date +"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%SZ" 2000-12-15 19:48:05Z $ date --iso-8601=seconds # a GNU extension 2000-12-15T11:48:05-0800 $ date --rfc-822 # a GNU extension Fri, 15 Dec 2000 11:48:05 -0800 $ date +"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %z" # %z is a GNU extension. 2000-12-15 11:48:05 -0800 Alphabetic case is completely ignored in dates. Comments may be introduced between round parentheses, as long as included parentheses are properly nested. Hyphens not followed by a digit are currently ignored. Leading zeros on numbers are ignored.  File: fileutils.info, Node: Calendar date items, Next: Time of day items, Prev: General date syntax, Up: Date input formats Calendar date items =================== A "calendar date item" specifies a day of the year. It is specified differently, depending on whether the month is specified numerically or literally. All these strings specify the same calendar date: 1972-09-24 # ISO 8601. 72-9-24 # Assume 19xx for 69 through 99, # 20xx for 00 through 68. 72-09-24 # Leading zeros are ignored. 9/24/72 # Common U.S. writing. 24 September 1972 24 Sept 72 # September has a special abbreviation. 24 Sep 72 # Three-letter abbreviations always allowed. Sep 24, 1972 24-sep-72 24sep72 The year can also be omitted. In this case, the last specified year is used, or the current year if none. For example: 9/24 sep 24 Here are the rules. For numeric months, the ISO 8601 format `YEAR-MONTH-DAY' is allowed, where YEAR is any positive number, MONTH is a number between 01 and 12, and DAY is a number between 01 and 31. A leading zero must be present if a number is less than ten. If YEAR is 68 or smaller, then 2000 is added to it; otherwise, if YEAR is less than 100, then 1900 is added to it. The construct `MONTH/DAY/YEAR', popular in the United States, is accepted. Also `MONTH/DAY', omitting the year. Literal months may be spelled out in full: `January', `February', `March', `April', `May', `June', `July', `August', `September', `October', `November' or `December'. Literal months may be abbreviated to their first three letters, possibly followed by an abbreviating dot. It is also permitted to write `Sept' instead of `September'. When months are written literally, the calendar date may be given as any of the following: DAY MONTH YEAR DAY MONTH MONTH DAY YEAR DAY-MONTH-YEAR Or, omitting the year: MONTH DAY  File: fileutils.info, Node: Time of day items, Next: Time zone items, Prev: Calendar date items, Up: Date input formats Time of day items ================= A "time of day item" in date strings specifies the time on a given day. Here are some examples, all of which represent the same time: 20:02:0 20:02 8:02pm 20:02-0500 # In EST (U.S. Eastern Standard Time). More generally, the time of the day may be given as `HOUR:MINUTE:SECOND', where HOUR is a number between 0 and 23, MINUTE is a number between 0 and 59, and SECOND is a number between 0 and 59. Alternatively, `:SECOND' can be omitted, in which case it is taken to be zero. If the time is followed by `am' or `pm' (or `a.m.' or `p.m.'), HOUR is restricted to run from 1 to 12, and `:MINUTE' may be omitted (taken to be zero). `am' indicates the first half of the day, `pm' indicates the second half of the day. In this notation, 12 is the predecessor of 1: midnight is `12am' while noon is `12pm'. (This is the zero-oriented interpretation of `12am' and `12pm', as opposed to the old tradition derived from Latin which uses `12m' for noon and `12pm' for midnight.) The time may alternatively be followed by a time zone correction, expressed as `SHHMM', where S is `+' or `-', HH is a number of zone hours and MM is a number of zone minutes. When a time zone correction is given this way, it forces interpretation of the time relative to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), overriding any previous specification for the time zone or the local time zone. The MINUTE part of the time of the day may not be elided when a time zone correction is used. This is the best way to specify a time zone correction by fractional parts of an hour. Either `am'/`pm' or a time zone correction may be specified, but not both.  File: fileutils.info, Node: Time zone items, Next: Day of week items, Prev: Time of day items, Up: Date input formats Time zone items =============== A "time zone item" specifies an international time zone, indicated by a small set of letters, e.g., `UTC' or `Z' for Coordinated Universal Time. Any included periods are ignored. By following a non-daylight-saving time zone by the string `DST' in a separate word (that is, separated by some white space), the corresponding daylight saving time zone may be specified. Time zone items other than `UTC' and `Z' are obsolescent and are not recommended, because they are ambiguous; for example, `EST' has a different meaning in Australia than in the United States. Instead, it's better to use unambiguous numeric time zone corrections like `-0500', as described in the previous section.  File: fileutils.info, Node: Day of week items, Next: Relative items in date strings, Prev: Time zone items, Up: Date input formats Day of week items ================= The explicit mention of a day of the week will forward the date (only if necessary) to reach that day of the week in the future. Days of the week may be spelled out in full: `Sunday', `Monday', `Tuesday', `Wednesday', `Thursday', `Friday' or `Saturday'. Days may be abbreviated to their first three letters, optionally followed by a period. The special abbreviations `Tues' for `Tuesday', `Wednes' for `Wednesday' and `Thur' or `Thurs' for `Thursday' are also allowed. A number may precede a day of the week item to move forward supplementary weeks. It is best used in expression like `third monday'. In this context, `last DAY' or `next DAY' is also acceptable; they move one week before or after the day that DAY by itself would represent. A comma following a day of the week item is ignored.  File: fileutils.info, Node: Relative items in date strings, Next: Pure numbers in date strings, Prev: Day of week items, Up: Date input formats Relative items in date strings ============================== "Relative items" adjust a date (or the current date if none) forward or backward. The effects of relative items accumulate. Here are some examples: 1 year 1 year ago 3 years 2 days The unit of time displacement may be selected by the string `year' or `month' for moving by whole years or months. These are fuzzy units, as years and months are not all of equal duration. More precise units are `fortnight' which is worth 14 days, `week' worth 7 days, `day' worth 24 hours, `hour' worth 60 minutes, `minute' or `min' worth 60 seconds, and `second' or `sec' worth one second. An `s' suffix on these units is accepted and ignored. The unit of time may be preceded by a multiplier, given as an optionally signed number. Unsigned numbers are taken as positively signed. No number at all implies 1 for a multiplier. Following a relative item by the string `ago' is equivalent to preceding the unit by a multiplier with value -1. The string `tomorrow' is worth one day in the future (equivalent to `day'), the string `yesterday' is worth one day in the past (equivalent to `day ago'). The strings `now' or `today' are relative items corresponding to zero-valued time displacement, these strings come from the fact a zero-valued time displacement represents the current time when not otherwise changed by previous items. They may be used to stress other items, like in `12:00 today'. The string `this' also has the meaning of a zero-valued time displacement, but is preferred in date strings like `this thursday'. When a relative item causes the resulting date to cross a boundary where the clocks were adjusted, typically for daylight-saving time, the resulting date and time are adjusted accordingly.  File: fileutils.info, Node: Pure numbers in date strings, Next: Authors of getdate, Prev: Relative items in date strings, Up: Date input formats Pure numbers in date strings ============================ The precise interpretation of a pure decimal number depends on the context in the date string. If the decimal number is of the form YYYYMMDD and no other calendar date item (*note Calendar date items::) appears before it in the date string, then YYYY is read as the year, MM as the month number and DD as the day of the month, for the specified calendar date. If the decimal number is of the form HHMM and no other time of day item appears before it in the date string, then HH is read as the hour of the day and MM as the minute of the hour, for the specified time of the day. MM can also be omitted. If both a calendar date and a time of day appear to the left of a number in the date string, but no relative item, then the number overrides the year.  File: fileutils.info, Node: Authors of getdate, Prev: Pure numbers in date strings, Up: Date input formats Authors of `getdate' ==================== `getdate' was originally implemented by Steven M. Bellovin () while at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The code was later tweaked by a couple of people on Usenet, then completely overhauled by Rich $alz () and Jim Berets () in August, 1990. Various revisions for the GNU system were made by David MacKenzie, Jim Meyering, Paul Eggert and others. This chapter was originally produced by Franc,ois Pinard () from the `getdate.y' source code, and then edited by K. Berry ().  File: fileutils.info, Node: Directory listing, Next: Basic operations, Prev: Date input formats, Up: Top Directory listing ***************** This chapter describes the `ls' command and its variants `dir' and `vdir', which list information about files. * Menu: * ls invocation:: List directory contents. * dir invocation:: Briefly ls. * vdir invocation:: Verbosely ls. * dircolors invocation:: Color setup for ls, etc.  File: fileutils.info, Node: ls invocation, Next: dir invocation, Up: Directory listing `ls': List directory contents ============================= The `ls' program lists information about files (of any type, including directories). Options and file arguments can be intermixed arbitrarily, as usual. For non-option command-line arguments that are directories, by default `ls' lists the contents of directories, not recursively, and omitting files with names beginning with `.'. For other non-option arguments, by default `ls' lists just the file name. If no non-option arguments are specified, `ls' lists the contents of the current directory. By default, the output is sorted alphabetically. If standard output is a terminal, the output is in columns (sorted vertically) and control characters are output as question marks; otherwise, the output is listed one per line and control characters are output as-is. Because `ls' is such a fundamental program, it has accumulated many options over the years. They are described in the subsections below; within each section, options are listed alphabetically (ignoring case). The division of options into the subsections is not absolute, since some options affect more than one aspect of `ls''s operation. The `-g' option is accepted but ignored, for compatibility with Unix. Also see *Note Common options::. * Menu: * Which files are listed:: * What information is listed:: * Sorting the output:: * More details about version sort:: * General output formatting:: * Formatting the file names::  File: fileutils.info, Node: Which files are listed, Next: What information is listed, Up: ls invocation Which files are listed ---------------------- These options determine which files `ls' lists information for. By default, any files and the contents of any directories on the command line are shown. `-a' `--all' List all files in directories, including files that start with `.'. `-A' `--almost-all' List all files in directories except for `.' and `..'. `-B' `--ignore-backups' Do not list files that end with `~', unless they are given on the command line. `-d' `--directory' List just the names of directories, as with other types of files, rather than listing their contents. `-I PATTERN' `--ignore=PATTERN' Do not list files whose names match the shell pattern (not regular expression) PATTERN unless they are given on the command line. As in the shell, an initial `.' in a file name does not match a wildcard at the start of PATTERN. Sometimes it is useful to give this option several times. For example, $ ls --ignore='.??*' --ignore='.[^.]' --ignore='#*' The first option ignores names of length 3 or more that start with `.', the second ignores all two-character names that start with `.' except `..', and the third ignores names that start with `#'. `-L' `--dereference' In a long listing, show file information (e.g., times and permissions) for the referents of symbolic links rather than for the symbolic links themselves. `-R' `--recursive' List the contents of all directories recursively.  File: fileutils.info, Node: What information is listed, Next: Sorting the output, Prev: Which files are listed, Up: ls invocation What information is listed -------------------------- These options affect the information that `ls' displays. By default, only file names are shown. `-D' `--dired' With the long listing (`-l') format, print an additional line after the main output: //DIRED// BEG1 END1 BEG2 END2 ... The BEGN and ENDN are unsigned integers that record the byte position of the beginning and end of each file name in the output. This makes it easy for Emacs to find the names, even when they contain unusual characters such as space or newline, without fancy searching. If directories are being listed recursively (`-R'), output a similar line after each subdirectory: //SUBDIRED// FORMAT BEG1 END1 ... Finally, output a line of the form: //DIRED-OPTIONS// --quoting-style=WORD where WORD is the quoting style (*note Formatting the file names::). `-G' `--no-group' Inhibit display of group information in a long format directory listing. (This is the default in some non-GNU versions of `ls', so we provide this option for compatibility.) `-h' `--human-readable' Append a size letter such as `M' for megabytes to each size. Powers of 1024 are used, not 1000; `M' stands for 1,048,576 bytes. Use the `--si' option if you prefer powers of 1000. `-H' `--si' Append a size letter such as `M' for megabytes to each size. (SI is the International System of Units, which defines these letters as prefixes.) Powers of 1000 are used, not 1024; `M' stands for 1,000,000 bytes. Use the `-h' or `--human-readable' option if you prefer powers of 1024. Warning: the meaning of `-H' will change in the future to conform to POSIX. Use `--si' for the old meaning. `-i' `--inode' Print the inode number (also called the file serial number and index number) of each file to the left of the file name. (This number uniquely identifies each file within a particular filesystem.) `-l' `--format=long' `--format=verbose' In addition to the name of each file, print the file type, permissions, number of hard links, owner name, group name, size in bytes, and timestamp (by default, the modification time). For files with a time more than six months old or in the future, the timestamp contains the year instead of the time of day. If the timestamp contains today's date with the year rather than a time of day, the file's time is in the future, which means you probably have clock skew problems which may break programs like `make' that rely on file times. For each directory that is listed, preface the files with a line `total BLOCKS', where BLOCKS is the total disk allocation for all files in that directory. The block size currently defaults to 1024 bytes, but this can be overridden (*note Block size::). The BLOCKS computed counts each hard link separately; this is arguably a deficiency. The permissions listed are similar to symbolic mode specifications (*note Symbolic Modes::). But `ls' combines multiple bits into the third character of each set of permissions as follows: `s' If the setuid or setgid bit and the corresponding executable bit are both set. `S' If the setuid or setgid bit is set but the corresponding executable bit is not set. `t' If the sticky bit and the other-executable bit are both set. `T' If the sticky bit is set but the other-executable bit is not set. `x' If the executable bit is set and none of the above apply. `-' Otherwise. Following the permission bits is a single character that specifies whether an alternate access method applies to the file. When that character is a space, there is no alternate access method. When it is a printing character (e.g., `+'), then there is such a method. `-o' Produce long format directory listings, but don't display group information. It is equivalent to using `--format=long' with `--no-group' . This option is provided for compatibility with other versions of `ls'. `-s' `--size' Print the disk allocation of each file to the left of the file name. This is the amount of disk space used by the file, which is usually a bit more than the file's size, but it can be less if the file has holes. Normally the disk allocation is printed in units of 1024 bytes, but this can be overridden (*note Block size::). For files that are NFS-mounted from an HP-UX system to a BSD system, this option reports sizes that are half the correct values. On HP-UX systems, it reports sizes that are twice the correct values for files that are NFS-mounted from BSD systems. This is due to a flaw in HP-UX; it also affects the HP-UX `ls' program.  File: fileutils.info, Node: Sorting the output, Next: More details about version sort, Prev: What information is listed, Up: ls invocation Sorting the output ------------------ These options change the order in which `ls' sorts the information it outputs. By default, sorting is done by character code (e.g., ASCII order). `-c' `--time=ctime' `--time=status' `--time=use' If the long listing format (e.g., `-l', `-o') is being used, print the status change time (the `ctime' in the inode) instead of the modification time. When explicitly sorting by time (`--sort=time' or `-t') or when not using a long listing format, sort according to the status change time. `-f' Primarily, like `-U'--do not sort; list the files in whatever order they are stored in the directory. But also enable `-a' (list all files) and disable `-l', `--color', and `-s' (if they were specified before the `-f'). `-r' `--reverse' Reverse whatever the sorting method is--e.g., list files in reverse alphabetical order, youngest first, smallest first, or whatever. `-S' `--sort=size' Sort by file size, largest first. `-t' `--sort=time' Sort by modification time (the `mtime' in the inode), newest first. `-u' `--time=atime' `--time=access' If the long listing format (e.g., `--format=long') is being used, print the last access time (the `atime' in the inode). When explicitly sorting by time (`--sort=time' or `-t') or when not using a long listing format, sort according to the access time. `-U' `--sort=none' Do not sort; list the files in whatever order they are stored in the directory. (Do not do any of the other unrelated things that `-f' does.) This is especially useful when listing very large directories, since not doing any sorting can be noticeably faster. `-v' `--sort=version' Sort by version name and number, lowest first. It behaves like a default sort, except that each sequence of decimal digits is treated numerically as an index/version number. (*Note More details about version sort::.) `-X' `--sort=extension' Sort directory contents alphabetically by file extension (characters after the last `.'); files with no extension are sorted first.  File: fileutils.info, Node: More details about version sort, Next: General output formatting, Prev: Sorting the output, Up: ls invocation More details about version sort ------------------------------- The version sort takes into account the fact that file names frequently include indices or version numbers. Standard sorting functions usually do not produce the ordering that people expect because comparisons are made on a character-by-character basis. The version sort addresses this problem, and is especially useful when browsing directories that contain many files with indices/version numbers in their names: > ls -1 > ls -1v foo.zml-1.gz foo.zml-1.gz foo.zml-100.gz foo.zml-2.gz foo.zml-12.gz foo.zml-6.gz foo.zml-13.gz foo.zml-12.gz foo.zml-2.gz foo.zml-13.gz foo.zml-25.gz foo.zml-25.gz foo.zml-6.gz foo.zml-100.gz Note also that numeric parts with leading zeroes are considered as fractional one: > ls -1 > ls -1v abc-1.007.tgz abc-1.007.tgz abc-1.012b.tgz abc-1.01a.tgz abc-1.01a.tgz abc-1.012b.tgz  File: fileutils.info, Node: General output formatting, Next: Formatting the file names, Prev: More details about version sort, Up: ls invocation General output formatting ------------------------- These options affect the appearance of the overall output. `-1' `--format=single-column' List one file per line. This is the default for `ls' when standard output is not a terminal. `-C' `--format=vertical' List files in columns, sorted vertically. This is the default for `ls' if standard output is a terminal. It is always the default for the `dir' and `d' programs. GNU `ls' uses variable width columns to display as many files as possible in the fewest lines. `--color [=WHEN]' Specify whether to use color for distinguishing file types. WHEN may be omitted, or one of: * none - Do not use color at all. This is the default. * auto - Only use color if standard output is a terminal. * always - Always use color. Specifying `--color' and no WHEN is equivalent to `--color=always'. Piping a colorized listing through a pager like `more' or `less' usually produces unreadable results. However, using `more -f' does seem to work. `-F' `--classify' `--indicator-style=classify' Append a character to each file name indicating the file type. Also, for regular files that are executable, append `*'. The file type indicators are `/' for directories, `@' for symbolic links, `|' for FIFOs, `=' for sockets, and nothing for regular files. `--full-time' List times in full, rather than using the standard abbreviation heuristics. The format is currently similar to that of `date', but this is planned to change in a future release, partly because modern file time stamps have more precision. It's not possible to change the format, but you can extract out the date string with `cut' and then pass the result to `date -d'. *Note `date' invocation: (sh-utils)date invocation. This is most useful because the time output includes the seconds. (Unix filesystems store file timestamps only to the nearest second, so this option shows all the information there is.) For example, this can help when you have a Makefile that is not regenerating files properly. `--indicator-style=WORD' Append a character indicator with style WORD to entry names, as follows: `none' Do not append any character indicator; this is the default. `file-type' Append `/' for directories, `@' for symbolic links, `|' for FIFOs, `=' for sockets, and nothing for regular files. This is the same as the `-p' or `--file-type' option. `classify' Append `*' for executable regular files, otherwise behave as for `file-type'. This is the same as the `-F' or `--classify' option. `-k' `--kilobytes' Print file sizes in 1024-byte blocks, overriding the default block size (*note Block size::). `-m' `--format=commas' List files horizontally, with as many as will fit on each line, separated by `, ' (a comma and a space). `-n' `--numeric-uid-gid' List the numeric UID and GID instead of the names. `-p' `--file-type' `--indicator-style=file-type' Append a character to each file name indicating the file type. This is like `-F', except that executables are not marked. `-x FORMAT' `--format=across' `--format=horizontal' List the files in columns, sorted horizontally. `-T COLS' `--tabsize=COLS' Assume that each tabstop is COLS columns wide. The default is 8. `ls' uses tabs where possible in the output, for efficiency. If COLS is zero, do not use tabs at all. `-w' `--width=COLS' Assume the screen is COLS columns wide. The default is taken from the terminal settings if possible; otherwise the environment variable `COLUMNS' is used if it is set; otherwise the default is 80.  File: fileutils.info, Node: Formatting the file names, Prev: General output formatting, Up: ls invocation Formatting the file names ------------------------- These options change how file names themselves are printed. `-b' `--escape' `--quoting-style=escape' Quote nongraphic characters in file names using alphabetic and octal backslash sequences like those used in C. `-N' `--literal' Do not quote file names. `-q' `--hide-control-chars' Print question marks instead of nongraphic characters in file names. This is the default if the output is a terminal and the program is `ls'. `-Q' `--quote-name' `--quoting-style=c' Enclose file names in double quotes and quote nongraphic characters as in C. `--quoting-style=WORD' Use style WORD to quote output names. The WORD should be one of the following: `literal' Output names as-is. `shell' Quote names for the shell if they contain shell metacharacters or would cause ambiguous output. `shell-always' Quote names for the shell, even if they would normally not require quoting. `c' Quote names as for a C language string; this is the same as the `-Q' or `--quote-name' option. `escape' Quote as with `c' except omit the surrounding double-quote characters; this is the same as the `-b' or `--escape' option. `clocale' Quote as with `c' except use quotation marks appropriate for the locale. `locale' Like `clocale', but quote `like this' instead of "like this" in the default C locale. This looks nicer on many displays. You can specify the default value of the `--quoting-style' option with the environment variable `QUOTING_STYLE'. If that environment variable is not set, the default value is `literal', but this default may change to `shell' in a future version of this package. `--show-control-chars' Print nongraphic characters as-is in file names. This is the default unless the output is a terminal and the program is `ls'.  File: fileutils.info, Node: dir invocation, Next: vdir invocation, Prev: ls invocation, Up: Directory listing `dir': Briefly list directory contents ====================================== `dir' (also installed as `d') is equivalent to `ls -C -b'; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically, and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences. *Note `ls': ls invocation.  File: fileutils.info, Node: vdir invocation, Next: dircolors invocation, Prev: dir invocation, Up: Directory listing `vdir': Verbosely list directory contents ========================================= `vdir' (also installed as `v') is equivalent to `ls -l -b'; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.  File: fileutils.info, Node: dircolors invocation, Prev: vdir invocation, Up: Directory listing `dircolors': Color setup for `ls' ================================= `dircolors' outputs a sequence of shell commands to set up the terminal for color output from `ls' (and `dir', etc.). Typical usage: eval `dircolors [OPTION]... [FILE]` If FILE is specified, `dircolors' reads it to determine which colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the format of these files, run `dircolors --print-database'. The output is a shell command to set the `LS_COLORS' environment variable. You can specify the shell syntax to use on the command line, or `dircolors' will guess it from the value of the `SHELL' environment variable. The program accepts the following options. Also see *Note Common options::. `-b' `--sh' `--bourne-shell' Output Bourne shell commands. This is the default if the `SHELL' environment variable is set and does not end with `csh' or `tcsh'. `-c' `--csh' `--c-shell' Output C shell commands. This is the default if `SHELL' ends with `csh' or `tcsh'. `-p' `--print-database' Print the (compiled-in) default color configuration database. This output is itself a valid configuration file, and is fairly descriptive of the possibilities.  File: fileutils.info, Node: Basic operations, Next: Special file types, Prev: Directory listing, Up: Top Basic operations **************** This chapter describes the commands for basic file manipulation: copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing). * Menu: * cp invocation:: Copy files. * dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file. * install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes. * mv invocation:: Move (rename) files. * rm invocation:: Remove files or directories. * shred invocation:: Remove files more securely.  File: fileutils.info, Node: cp invocation, Next: dd invocation, Up: Basic operations `cp': Copy files and directories ================================ `cp' copies files (or, optionally, directories). The copy is completely independent of the original. You can either copy one file to another, or copy arbitrarily many files to a destination directory. Synopsis: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY If the last argument names an existing directory, `cp' copies each SOURCE file into that directory (retaining the same name). Otherwise, if only two files are given, it copies the first onto the second. It is an error if the last argument is not a directory and more than two non-option arguments are given. Generally, files are written just as they are read. For exceptions, see the `--sparse' option below. By default, `cp' does not copy directories. However, the `-R', `-a', and `-r' options cause `cp' to copy recursively by descending into source directories and copying files to corresponding destination directories. By default, `cp' follows symbolic links only when not copying recursively. This default can be overridden with the `--no-dereference' (`-d'), `--dereference' (`-L'), and `-H' options. If more than one of these options is specified, the last one silently overrides the others. `cp' generally refuses to copy a file onto itself, with the following exception: if `--force --backup' is specified with SOURCE and DEST identical, and referring to a regular file, `cp' will make a backup file, either regular or numbered, as specified in the usual ways (*note Backup options::). This is useful when you simply want to make a backup of an existing file before changing it. The program accepts the following options. Also see *Note Common options::. `-a' `--archive' Preserve as much as possible of the structure and attributes of the original files in the copy (but do not attempt to preserve internal directory structure; i.e., `ls -U' may list the entries in a copied directory in a different order). Equivalent to `-dpR'. `-b' `--backup[=METHOD]' *Note Backup options::. Make a backup of each file that would otherwise be overwritten or removed. As a special case, `cp' makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. One useful application of this combination of options is this tiny Bourne shell script: #!/bin/sh # Usage: backup FILE... # Create a GNU-style backup of each listed FILE. for i in "$;" do cp --backup --force "$i" "$i" done `-d' `--no-dereference' Copy symbolic links as symbolic links rather than copying the files that they point to, and preserve hard links between source files in the copies. `-f' `--force' When copying without this option and an existing destination file cannot be opened for writing, the copy fails. However, with `--force'), when a destination file cannot be opened, `cp' then unlinks it and tries to open it again. Contrast this behavior with that enabled by `--link' and `--symbolic-link', whereby the destination file is never opened but rather is unlinked unconditionally. Also see the description of `--remove-destination'. `-H' If a command line argument specifies a symbolic link, then copy the file it points to rather than the symbolic link itself. However, copy (preserving its nature) any symbolic link that is encountered via recursive traversal. `-i' `--interactive' Prompt whether to overwrite existing regular destination files. `-l' `--link' Make hard links instead of copies of non-directories. `-L' `--dereference' Always follow symbolic links. `-p' `--preserve' Preserve the original files' owner, group, permissions, and timestamps. In the absence of this option, each destination file is created with the permissions of the corresponding source file, minus the bits set in the umask. *Note File permissions::. `-P' `--parents' Form the name of each destination file by appending to the target directory a slash and the specified name of the source file. The last argument given to `cp' must be the name of an existing directory. For example, the command: cp --parents a/b/c existing_dir copies the file `a/b/c' to `existing_dir/a/b/c', creating any missing intermediate directories. Warning: the meaning of `-P' will change in the future to conform to POSIX. Use `--parents' for the old meaning, and `--no-dereference' for the new. `-r' Copy directories recursively, copying any non-directories and special files (e.g., symbolic links, FIFOs and device files) as if they were regular files. This means trying to read the data in each source file and writing it to the destination. It is usually a mistake to apply `cp -r' to special files like FIFOs and the ones typically found in the `/dev' directory. In most cases, `cp -r' will hang indefinitely trying to read from FIFOs and special files like `/dev/console', and it will fill up your destination disk if you use it to copy `/dev/zero'. Use the `--recursive' (`-R') option instead if you want to copy special files, preserving their special nature rather than reading from them to copy their contents. `-R' `--recursive' Copy directories recursively, preserving non-directories (contrast with `-r' just above). `--remove-destination' Remove each existing destination file before attempting to open it (contrast with `-f' above). `--sparse=WHEN' A "sparse file" contains "holes"--a sequence of zero bytes that does not occupy any physical disk blocks; the `read' system call reads these as zeroes. This can both save considerable disk space and increase speed, since many binary files contain lots of consecutive zero bytes. By default, `cp' detects holes in input source files via a crude heuristic and makes the corresponding output file sparse as well. The WHEN value can be one of the following: `auto' The default behavior: the output file is sparse if the input file is sparse. `always' Always make the output file sparse. This is useful when the input file resides on a filesystem that does not support sparse files (the most notable example is `efs' filesystems in SGI IRIX 5.3 and earlier), but the output file is on another type of filesystem. `never' Never make the output file sparse. This is useful in creating a file for use with the `mkswap' command, since such a file must not have any holes. `--strip-trailing-slashes' Remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument. *Note Trailing slashes::. `-s' `--symbolic-link' Make symbolic links instead of copies of non-directories. All source file names must be absolute (starting with `/') unless the destination files are in the current directory. This option merely results in an error message on systems that do not support symbolic links. `-S SUFFIX' `--suffix=SUFFIX' Append SUFFIX to each backup file made with `-b'. *Note Backup options::. `--target-directory=DIRECTORY' Specify the destination DIRECTORY. *Note Target directory::. `-v' `--verbose' Print the name of each file before copying it. `-V METHOD' `--version-control=METHOD' Change the type of backups made with `-b'. The METHOD argument can be `none' (or `off'), `numbered' (or `t'), `existing' (or `nil'), or `never' (or `simple'). *Note Backup options::. `-x' `--one-file-system' Skip subdirectories that are on different filesystems from the one that the copy started on. However, mount point directories _are_ copied.  File: fileutils.info, Node: dd invocation, Next: install invocation, Prev: cp invocation, Up: Basic operations `dd': Convert and copy a file ============================= `dd' copies a file (from standard input to standard output, by default) with a changeable I/O block size, while optionally performing conversions on it. Synopsis: dd [OPTION]... The program accepts the following options. Also see *Note Common options::. The numeric-valued options below (BYTES and BLOCKS) can be followed by a multiplier: `b'=512, `c'=1, `w'=2, `xM'=M, or any of the standard block size suffixes like `k'=1024 (*note Block size::). Use different `dd' invocations to use different block sizes for skipping and I/O. For example, the following shell commands copy data in 512 kB blocks between a disk and a tape, but do not save or restore a 4 kB label at the start of the disk: disk=/dev/rdsk/c0t1d0s2 tape=/dev/rmt/0 # Copy all but the label from disk to tape. (dd bs=4k skip=1 count=0 && dd bs=512k) <$disk >$tape # Copy from tape back to disk, but leave the disk label alone. (dd bs=4k seek=1 count=0 && dd bs=512k) <$tape >$disk `if=FILE' Read from FILE instead of standard input. `of=FILE' Write to FILE instead of standard output. Unless `conv=notrunc' is given, `dd' truncates FILE to zero bytes (or the size specified with `seek='). `ibs=BYTES' Read BYTES bytes at a time. `obs=BYTES' Write BYTES bytes at a time. `bs=BYTES' Both read and write BYTES bytes at a time. This overrides `ibs' and `obs'. `cbs=BYTES' Convert BYTES bytes at a time. `skip=BLOCKS' Skip BLOCKS `ibs'-byte blocks in the input file before copying. `seek=BLOCKS' Skip BLOCKS `obs'-byte blocks in the output file before copying. `count=BLOCKS' Copy BLOCKS `ibs'-byte blocks from the input file, instead of everything until the end of the file. `conv=CONVERSION[,CONVERSION]...' Convert the file as specified by the CONVERSION argument(s). (No spaces around any comma(s).) Conversions: `ascii' Convert EBCDIC to ASCII. `ebcdic' Convert ASCII to EBCDIC. `ibm' Convert ASCII to alternate EBCDIC. `block' For each line in the input, output `cbs' bytes, replacing the input newline with a space and padding with spaces as necessary. `unblock' Replace trailing spaces in each `cbs'-sized input block with a newline. `lcase' Change uppercase letters to lowercase. `ucase' Change lowercase letters to uppercase. `swab' Swap every pair of input bytes. GNU `dd', unlike others, works when an odd number of bytes are read--the last byte is simply copied (since there is nothing to swap it with). `noerror' Continue after read errors. `notrunc' Do not truncate the output file. `sync' Pad every input block to size of `ibs' with trailing zero bytes. When use with `block' or `unblock', pad with spaces instead of zero bytes.  File: fileutils.info, Node: install invocation, Next: mv invocation, Prev: dd invocation, Up: Basic operations `install': Copy files and set attributes ======================================== `install' copies files while setting their permission modes and, if possible, their owner and group. Synopses: install [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST install [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY install -d [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... In the first of these, the SOURCE file is copied to the DEST target file. In the second, each of the SOURCE files are copied to the destination DIRECTORY. In the last, each DIRECTORY (and any missing parent directories) is created. `install' is similar to `cp', but allows you to control the attributes of destination files. It is typically used in Makefiles to copy programs into their destination directories. It refuses to copy files onto themselves. The program accepts the following options. Also see *Note Common options::. `-b' `--backup[=METHOD]' *Note Backup options::. Make a backup of each file that would otherwise be overwritten or removed. `-c' Ignored; for compatibility with old Unix versions of `install'. `-d' `--directory' Create each given directory and any missing parent directories, setting the owner, group and mode as given on the command line or to the defaults. It also gives any parent directories it creates those attributes. (This is different from the SunOS 4.x `install', which gives directories that it creates the default attributes.) `-g GROUP' `--group=GROUP' Set the group ownership of installed files or directories to GROUP. The default is the process' current group. GROUP may be either a group name or a numeric group id. `-m MODE' `--mode=MODE' Set the permissions for the installed file or directory to MODE, which can be either an octal number, or a symbolic mode as in `chmod', with 0 as the point of departure (*note File permissions::). The default mode is `u=rwx,go=rx'--read, write, and execute for the owner, and read and execute for group and other. `-o OWNER' `--owner=OWNER' If `install' has appropriate privileges (is run as root), set the ownership of installed files or directories to OWNER. The default is `root'. OWNER may be either a user name or a numeric user ID. `-p' `--preserve-timestamps' Set the time of last access and the time of last modification of each installed file to match those of each corresponding original file. When a file is installed without this option, its last access and last modification times are both set to the time of installation. This option is useful if you want to use the last modification times of installed files to keep track of when they were last built as opposed to when they were last installed. `-s' `--strip' Strip the symbol tables from installed binary executables. `-S SUFFIX' `--suffix=SUFFIX' Append SUFFIX to each backup file made with `-b'. *Note Backup options::. `--target-directory=DIRECTORY' Specify the destination DIRECTORY. *Note Target directory::. `-v' `--verbose' Print the name of each file before copying it. `-V METHOD' `--version-control=METHOD' Change the type of backups made with `-b'. The METHOD argument can be `none' (or `off'), `numbered' (or `t'), `existing' (or `nil'), or `never' (or `simple'). *Note Backup options::.  File: fileutils.info, Node: mv invocation, Next: rm invocation, Prev: install invocation, Up: Basic operations `mv': Move (rename) files ========================= `mv' moves or renames files (or directories). Synopsis: mv [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST mv [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY If the last argument names an existing directory, `mv' moves each other given file into a file with the same name in that directory. Otherwise, if only two files are given, it renames the first as the second. It is an error if the last argument is not a directory and more than two files are given. `mv' can move any type of file from one filesystem to another. Prior to version `4.0' of the fileutils, `mv' could move only regular files between filesystems. For example, now `mv' can move an entire directory hierarchy including special device files from one partition to another. It first uses some of the same code that's used by `cp -a' to copy the requested directories and files, then (assuming the copy succeeded) it removes the originals. If the copy fails, then the part that was copied to the destination partition is removed. If you were to copy three directories from one partition to another and the copy of the first directory succeeded, but the second didn't, the first would be left on the destination partion and the second and third would be left on the original partition. If a destination file exists but is normally unwritable, standard input is a terminal, and the `-f' or `--force' option is not given, `mv' prompts the user for whether to replace the file. (You might own the file, or have write permission on its directory.) If the response does not begin with `y' or `Y', the file is skipped. _Warning_: If you try to move a symlink that points to a directory, and you specify the symlink with a trailing slash, then `mv' doesn't move the symlink but instead moves the directory referenced by the symlink. *Note Trailing slashes::. The program accepts the following options. Also see *Note Common options::. `-b' `--backup[=METHOD]' *Note Backup options::. Make a backup of each file that would otherwise be overwritten or removed. `-f' `--force' Do not prompt the user before removing an unwritable destination file. `-i' `--interactive' Prompt whether to overwrite each existing destination file, regardless of its permissions. If the response does not begin with `y' or `Y', the file is skipped. `-u' `--update' Do not move a nondirectory that has an existing destination with the same or newer modification time. `-v' `--verbose' Print the name of each file before moving it. `--strip-trailing-slashes' Remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument. *Note Trailing slashes::. `-S SUFFIX' `--suffix=SUFFIX' Append SUFFIX to each backup file made with `-b'. *Note Backup options::. `--target-directory=DIRECTORY' Specify the destination DIRECTORY. *Note Target directory::. `-V METHOD' `--version-control=METHOD' Change the type of backups made with `-b'. The METHOD argument can be `none' (or `off'), `numbered' (or `t'), `existing' (or `nil'), or `never' (or `simple'). *Note Backup options::.  File: fileutils.info, Node: rm invocation, Next: shred invocation, Prev: mv invocation, Up: Basic operations `rm': Remove files or directories ================================= `rm' removes each given FILE. By default, it does not remove directories. Synopsis: rm [OPTION]... [FILE]... If a file is unwritable, standard input is a terminal, and the `-f' or `--force' option is not given, or the `-i' or `--interactive' option _is_ given, `rm' prompts the user for whether to remove the file. If the response does not begin with `y' or `Y', the file is skipped. The program accepts the following options. Also see *Note Common options::. `-d' `--directory' Attempt to remove directories with `unlink' instead of `rmdir', and don't require a directory to be empty before trying to unlink it. This works only if you have appropriate privileges and if your operating system supports `unlink' for directories. Because unlinking a directory causes any files in the deleted directory to become unreferenced, it is wise to `fsck' the filesystem after doing this. `-f' `--force' Ignore nonexistent files and never prompt the user. Ignore any previous `--interactive' (`-i') option. `-i' `--interactive' Prompt whether to remove each file. If the response does not begin with `y' or `Y', the file is skipped. Ignore any previous `--force' (`-f') option. `-r' `-R' `--recursive' Remove the contents of directories recursively. `-v' `--verbose' Print the name of each file before removing it. One common question is how to remove files whose names begin with a `-'. GNU `rm', like every program that uses the `getopt' function to parse its arguments, lets you use the `--' option to indicate that all following arguments are non-options. To remove a file called `-f' in the current directory, you could type either: rm -- -f or: rm ./-f The Unix `rm' program's use of a single `-' for this purpose predates the development of the getopt standard syntax.  File: fileutils.info, Node: shred invocation, Prev: rm invocation, Up: Basic operations `shred': Remove files more securely =================================== `shred' overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even very expensive hardware from recovering the data. Ordinarily when you remove a file (*note rm invocation::), the data is not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse. There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index and can bring the file back if the parts were not reused. On a busy system with a nearly-full drive, space can get reused in a few seconds. But there is no way to know for sure. If you have sensitive data, you may want to be sure that recovery is not possible by actually overwriting the file with non-sensitive data. However, even after doing that, it is possible to take the disk back to a laboratory and use a lot of sensitive (and expensive) equipment to look for the faint "echoes" of the original data underneath the overwritten data. If the data has only been overwritten once, it's not even that hard. The best way to remove something irretrievably is to destroy the media it's on with acid, melt it down, or the like. For cheap removable media like floppy disks, this is the preferred method. However, hard drives are expensive and hard to melt, so the `shred' utility tries to achieve a similar effect non-destructively. This uses many overwrite passes, with the data patterns chosen to maximize the damage they do to the old data. While this will work on floppies, the patterns are designed for best effect on hard drives. For more details, see the source code and Peter Gutmann's paper `Secure Deletion of Data from Magnetic and Solid-State Memory', from the proceedings of the Sixth USENIX Security Symposium (San Jose, California, 22-25 July, 1996). The paper is also available online . *Please note* that `shred' relies on a very important assumption: that the filesystem overwrites data in place. This is the traditional way to do things, but many modern filesystem designs do not satisfy this assumption. Exceptions include: * Log-structured or journaled filesystems, such as those supplied with AIX and Solaris. * Filesystems that write redundant data and carry on even if some writes fail, such as RAID-based filesystems. * Filesystems that make snapshots, such as Network Appliance's NFS server. * Filesystems that cache in temporary locations, such as NFS version 3 clients. * Compressed filesystems. If you are not sure how your filesystem operates, then you should assume that it does not overwrite data in place, which means that shred cannot reliably operate on regular files in your filesystem. Generally speaking, it is more reliable to shred a device than a file, since this bypasses the problem of filesystem design mentioned above. However, even shredding devices is not always completely reliable. For example, most disks map out bad sectors invisibly to the application; if the bad sectors contain sensitive data, `shred' won't be able to destroy it. `shred' makes no attempt to detect or report these problem, just as it makes no attempt to do anything about backups. However, since it is more reliable to shred devices than files, `shred' by default does not truncate or remove the output file. This default is more suitable for devices, which typically cannot be truncated and should not be removed. shred [OPTION]... FILE[...] The program accepts the following options. Also see *Note Common options::. `-f' `--force' Override file permissions if necessary to allow overwriting. `-NUMBER' `-n NUMBER' `--iterations=NUMBER' By default, `shred' uses 25 passes of overwrite. This is enough for all of the useful overwrite patterns to be used at least once. You can reduce this to save time, or increase it if you have a lot of time to waste. `-s BYTES' `--size=BYTES' Shred the first BYTES bytes of the file. The default is to shred the whole file. BYTES can be followed by a size specification like `k', `M', or `G' to specify a multiple. *Note Block size::. `-u' `--remove' After shredding a file, truncate it (if possible) and then remove it. If a file has multiple links, only the named links will be removed. `-v' `--verbose' Display status updates as sterilization proceeds. `-x' `--exact' Normally, shred rounds the file size up to the next multiple of the filesystem block size to fully erase the last block of the file. This option suppresses that behavior. Thus, by default if you shred a 10-byte file on a system with 512-byte blocks, the resulting file will be 512 bytes long. With this option, shred does not increase the size of the file. `-z' `--zero' Normally, the last pass that `shred' writes is made up of random data. If this would be conspicuous on your hard drive (for example, because it looks like encrypted data), or you just think it's tidier, the `--zero' option adds an additional overwrite pass with all zero bits. This is in addition to the number of passes specified by the `--iterations' option. `-' Shred standard output. This argument is considered an option. If the common `--' option has been used to indicate the end of options on the command line, then `-' will be interpreted as an ordinary file name. The intended use of this is to shred a removed temporary file. For example i=`tempfile -m 0600` exec 3<>"$i" rm -- "$i" echo "Hello, world" >&3 shred - >&3 exec 3>- Note that the shell command `shred - >file' does not shred the contents of FILE, since it truncates FILE before invoking `shred'. Use the command `shred file' or (if using a Bourne-compatible shell) the command `shred - 1<>file' instead. You might use the following command to erase all trace of the file system you'd created on the floppy disk in your first drive. That command takes about 20 minutes to erase a 1.44MB floppy. shred --verbose /dev/fd0 Similarly, to erase all data on a selected partition of your hard disk, you could give a command like this: shred --verbose /dev/sda5  File: fileutils.info, Node: Special file types, Next: Changing file attributes, Prev: Basic operations, Up: Top Special file types ****************** This chapter describes commands which create special types of files (and `rmdir', which removes directories, one special file type). Although Unix-like operating systems have markedly fewer special file types than others, not _everything_ can be treated only as the undifferentiated byte stream of "normal files". For example, when a file is created or removed, the system must record this information, which it does in a "directory"--a special type of file. Although you can read directories as normal files, if you're curious, in order for the system to do its job it must impose a structure, a certain order, on the bytes of the file. Thus it is a "special" type of file. Besides directories, other special file types include named pipes (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called "special files". * Menu: * ln invocation:: Make links between files. * mkdir invocation:: Make directories. * mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes). * mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files. * rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories.  File: fileutils.info, Node: ln invocation, Next: mkdir invocation, Up: Special file types `ln': Make links between files ============================== `ln' makes links between files. By default, it makes hard links; with the `-s' option, it makes symbolic (or "soft") links. Synopses: ln [OPTION]... TARGET [LINKNAME] ln [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY * If the last argument names an existing directory, `ln' creates a link to each TARGET file in that directory, using the TARGETs' names. (But see the description of the `--no-dereference' option below.) * If two filenames are given, `ln' creates a link from the second to the first. * If one TARGET is given, `ln' creates a link to that file in the current directory. * It is an error if the last argument is not a directory and more than two files are given. Without `-f' or `-i' (see below), `ln' will not remove an existing file. Use the `--backup' option to make `ln' rename existing files. A "hard link" is another name for an existing file; the link and the original are indistinguishable. Technically speaking, they share the same inode, and the inode contains all the information about a file--indeed, it is not incorrect to say that the inode _is_ the file. On all existing implementations, you cannot make a hard link to a directory, and hard links cannot cross filesystem boundaries. (These restrictions are not mandated by POSIX, however.) "Symbolic links" ("symlinks" for short), on the other hand, are a special file type (which not all kernels support: System V release 3 (and older) systems lack symlinks) in which the link file actually refers to a different file, by name. When most operations (opening, reading, writing, and so on) are passed the symbolic link file, the kernel automatically "dereferences" the link and operates on the target of the link. But some operations (e.g., removing) work on the link file itself, rather than on its target. *Note Symbolic Links: (library)Symbolic Links. The program accepts the following options. Also see *Note Common options::. `-b' `--backup[=METHOD]' *Note Backup options::. Make a backup of each file that would otherwise be overwritten or removed. `-d' `-F' `--directory' Allow the super-user to make hard links to directories. `-f' `--force' Remove existing destination files. `-i' `--interactive' Prompt whether to remove existing destination files. `-n' `--no-dereference' When given an explicit destination that is a symlink to a directory, treat that destination as if it were a normal file. When the destination is an actual directory (not a symlink to one), there is no ambiguity. The link is created in that directory. But when the specified destination is a symlink to a directory, there are two ways to treat the user's request. `ln' can treat the destination just as it would a normal directory and create the link in it. On the other hand, the destination can be viewed as a non-directory--as the symlink itself. In that case, `ln' must delete or backup that symlink before creating the new link. The default is to treat a destination that is a symlink to a directory just like a directory. `-s' `--symbolic' Make symbolic links instead of hard links. This option merely produces an error message on systems that do not support symbolic links. `-S SUFFIX' `--suffix=SUFFIX' Append SUFFIX to each backup file made with `-b'. *Note Backup options::. `--target-directory=DIRECTORY' Specify the destination DIRECTORY. *Note Target directory::. `-v' `--verbose' Print the name of each file before linking it. `-V METHOD' `--version-control=METHOD' Change the type of backups made with `-b'. The METHOD argument can be `none' (or `off'), `numbered' (or `t'), `existing' (or `nil'), or `never' (or `simple'). *Note Backup options::. Examples: ln -s /some/name # creates link ./name pointing to /some/name ln -s /some/name myname # creates link ./myname pointing to /some/name ln -s a b .. # creates links ../a and ../b pointing to ./a and ./b  File: fileutils.info, Node: mkdir invocation, Next: mkfifo invocation, Prev: ln invocation, Up: Special file types `mkdir': Make directories ========================= `mkdir' creates directories with the specified names. Synopsis: mkdir [OPTION]... NAME... If a NAME is an existing file but not a directory, `mkdir' prints a warning message on stderr and will exit with a status of 1 after processing any remaining NAMEs. The same is done when a NAME is an existing directory and the -p option is not given. If a NAME is an existing directory and the -p option is given, `mkdir' will ignore it. That is, `mkdir' will not print a warning, raise an error, or change the mode of the directory (even if the -m option is given), and will move on to processing any remaining NAMEs. The program accepts the following options. Also see *Note Common options::. `-m MODE' `--mode=MODE' Set the mode of created directories to MODE, which is symbolic as in `chmod' and uses `a=rwx' (read, write and execute allowed for everyone) minus the bits set in the umask for the point of the departure. *Note File permissions::. `-p' `--parents' Make any missing parent directories for each argument. The mode for parent directories is set to the umask modified by `u+wx'. Ignore arguments corresponding to existing directories. `-v' `--verbose' Print a message for each created directory. This is most useful with `--parents'.  File: fileutils.info, Node: mkfifo invocation, Next: mknod invocation, Prev: mkdir invocation, Up: Special file types `mkfifo': Make FIFOs (named pipes) ================================== `mkfifo' creates FIFOs (also called "named pipes") with the specified names. Synopsis: mkfifo [OPTION] NAME... A "FIFO" is a special file type that permits independent processes to communicate. One process opens the FIFO file for writing, and another for reading, after which data can flow as with the usual anonymous pipe in shells or elsewhere. The program accepts the following option. Also see *Note Common options::. `-m MODE' `--mode=MODE' Set the mode of created FIFOs to MODE, which is symbolic as in `chmod' and uses `a=rw' (read and write allowed for everyone) minus the bits set in the umask for the point of departure. *Note File permissions::.  File: fileutils.info, Node: mknod invocation, Next: rmdir invocation, Prev: mkfifo invocation, Up: Special file types `mknod': Make block or character special files ============================================== `mknod' creates a FIFO, character special file, or block special file with the specified name. Synopsis: mknod [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR] Unlike the phrase "special file type" above, the term "special file" has a technical meaning on Unix: something that can generate or receive data. Usually this corresponds to a physical piece of hardware, e.g., a printer or a disk. (These files are typically created at system-configuration time.) The `mknod' command is what creates files of this type. Such devices can be read either a character at a time or a "block" (many characters) at a time, hence we say there are "block special" files and "character special" files. The arguments after NAME specify the type of file to make: `p' for a FIFO `b' for a block special file `c' for a character special file When making a block or character special file, the major and minor device numbers must be given after the file type. The program accepts the following option. Also see *Note Common options::. `-m MODE' `--mode=MODE' Set the mode of created files to MODE, which is symbolic as in `chmod' and uses `a=rw' minus the bits set in the umask as the point of departure. *Note File permissions::.  File: fileutils.info, Node: rmdir invocation, Prev: mknod invocation, Up: Special file types `rmdir': Remove empty directories ================================= `rmdir' removes empty directories. Synopsis: rmdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... If any DIRECTORY argument does not refer to an existing empty directory, it is an error. The program accepts the following option. Also see *Note Common options::. `--ignore-fail-on-non-empty' Ignore each failure to remove a directory that is solely because the directory is non-empty. `-p' `--parents' Remove DIRECTORY, then try to remove each component of DIRECTORY. So, for example, `rmdir -p a/b/c' is similar to `rmdir a/b/c a/b a'. As such, it fails if any of those directories turns out not to be empty. Use the `--ignore-fail-on-non-empty' option to make it so such a failure does not evoke a diagnostic and does not cause `rmdir' to exit unsuccessfully. `-v' `--verbose' Give a diagnostic for each successful removal. DIRECTORY is removed. *Note rm invocation::, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively).  File: fileutils.info, Node: Changing file attributes, Next: Disk usage, Prev: Special file types, Up: Top Changing file attributes ************************ A file is not merely its contents, a name, and a file type (*note Special file types::). A file also has an owner (a userid), a group (a group id), permissions (what the owner can do with the file, what people in the group can do, and what everyone else can do), various timestamps, and other information. Collectively, we call these a file's "attributes". These commands change file attributes. * Menu: * chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups. * chgrp invocation:: Change file groups. * chmod invocation:: Change access permissions. * touch invocation:: Change file timestamps.  File: fileutils.info, Node: chown invocation, Next: chgrp invocation, Up: Changing file attributes `chown': Change file owner and group ==================================== `chown' changes the user and/or group ownership of each given FILE to NEW-OWNER or to the user and group of an existing reference file. Synopsis: chown [OPTION]... {NEW-OWNER | --reference=REF_FILE} FILE... If used, NEW-OWNER specifies the new owner and/or group as follows (with no embedded white space): [OWNER] [ [:] [GROUP] ] Specifically: OWNER If only an OWNER (a user name or numeric user id) is given, that user is made the owner of each given file, and the files' group is not changed. OWNER`:'GROUP If the OWNER is followed by a colon and a GROUP (a group name or numeric group id), with no spaces between them, the group ownership of the files is changed as well (to GROUP). OWNER`:' If a colon but no group name follows OWNER, that user is made the owner of the files and the group of the files is changed to OWNER's login group. `:'GROUP If the colon and following GROUP are given, but the owner is omitted, only the group of the files is changed; in this case, `chown' performs the same function as `chgrp'. You may use `.' in place of the `:' separator. This is a GNU extension for compatibility with older scripts. New scripts should avoid the use of `.' because GNU `chown' may fail if OWNER contains `.' characters. The program accepts the following options. Also see *Note Common options::. `-c' `--changes' Verbosely describe the action for each FILE whose ownership actually changes. `-f' `--silent' `--quiet' Do not print error messages about files whose ownership cannot be changed. `--from=OLD-OWNER' Change a FILE's ownership only if it has current attributes specified by OLD-OWNER. OLD-OWNER has the same form as NEW-OWNER described above. This option is useful primarily from a security standpoint in that it narrows considerably the window of potential abuse. For example, to reflect a UID numbering change for one user's files without an option like this, `root' might run find / -owner OLDUSER -print0 | xargs -0 chown NEWUSER But that is dangerous because the interval between when the `find' tests the existing file's owner and when the `chown' is actually run may be quite large. One way to narrow the gap would be to invoke chown for each file as it is found: find / -owner OLDUSER -exec chown NEWUSER {} \; But that is very slow if there are many affected files. With this option, it is safer (the gap is narrower still) though still not perfect: chown -R --from=OLDUSER NEWUSER / `--dereference' Do not act on symbolic links themselves but rather on what they point to. `-h' `--no-dereference' Act on symbolic links themselves instead of what they point to. This is the default. This mode relies on the `lchown' system call. On systems that do not provide the `lchown' system call, `chown' fails when a file specified on the command line is a symbolic link. By default, no diagnostic is issued for symbolic links encountered during a recursive traversal, but see `--verbose'. `--reference=REF_FILE' Change the user and group of each FILE to be the same as those of REF_FILE. If REF_FILE is a symbolic link, do not use the user and group of the symbolic link, but rather those of the file it refers to. `-v' `--verbose' Output a diagnostic for every file processed. If a symbolic link is encountered during a recursive traversal on a system without the `lchown' system call, and `--no-dereference' is in effect, then issue a diagnostic saying neither the symbolic link nor its referent is being changed. `-R' `--recursive' Recursively change ownership of directories and their contents.  File: fileutils.info, Node: chgrp invocation, Next: chmod invocation, Prev: chown invocation, Up: Changing file attributes `chgrp': Change group ownership =============================== `chgrp' changes the group ownership of each given FILE to GROUP (which can be either a group name or a numeric group id) or to the group of an existing reference file. Synopsis: chgrp [OPTION]... {GROUP | --reference=REF_FILE} FILE... The program accepts the following options. Also see *Note Common options::. `-c' `--changes' Verbosely describe the action for each FILE whose group actually changes. `-f' `--silent' `--quiet' Do not print error messages about files whose group cannot be changed. `--dereference' Do not act on symbolic links themselves but rather on what they point to. `-h' `--no-dereference' Act on symbolic links themselves instead of what they point to. This is the default. This mode relies on the `lchown' system call. On systems that do not provide the `lchown' system call, `chgrp' fails when a file specified on the command line is a symbolic link. By default, no diagnostic is issued for symbolic links encountered during a recursive traversal, but see `--verbose'. `--reference=REF_FILE' Change the group of each FILE to be the same as that of REF_FILE. If REF_FILE is a symbolic link, do not use the group of the symbolic link, but rather that of the file it refers to. `-v' `--verbose' Output a diagnostic for every file processed. If a symbolic link is encountered during a recursive traversal on a system without the `lchown' system call, and `--no-dereference' is in effect, then issue a diagnostic saying neither the symbolic link nor its referent is being changed. `-R' `--recursive' Recursively change the group ownership of directories and their contents.  File: fileutils.info, Node: chmod invocation, Next: touch invocation, Prev: chgrp invocation, Up: Changing file attributes `chmod': Change access permissions ================================== `chmod' changes the access permissions of the named files. Synopsis: chmod [OPTION]... {MODE | --reference=REF_FILE} FILE... `chmod' never changes the permissions of symbolic links, since the `chmod' system call cannot change their permissions. This is not a problem since the permissions of symbolic links are never used. However, for each symbolic link listed on the command line, `chmod' changes the permissions of the pointed-to file. In contrast, `chmod' ignores symbolic links encountered during recursive directory traversals. If used, MODE specifies the new permissions. For details, see the section on *Note File permissions::. The program accepts the following options. Also see *Note Common options::. `-c' `--changes' Verbosely describe the action for each FILE whose permissions actually changes. `-f' `--silent' `--quiet' Do not print error messages about files whose permissions cannot be changed. `-v' `--verbose' Verbosely describe the action or non-action taken for every FILE. `--reference=REF_FILE' Change the mode of each FILE to be the same as that of REF_FILE. *Note File permissions::. If REF_FILE is a symbolic link, do not use the mode of the symbolic link, but rather that of the file it refers to. `-R' `--recursive' Recursively change permissions of directories and their contents.  File: fileutils.info, Node: touch invocation, Prev: chmod invocation, Up: Changing file attributes `touch': Change file timestamps =============================== `touch' changes the access and/or modification times of the specified files. Synopsis: touch [OPTION]... FILE... If the first FILE would be a valid argument to the `-t' option and no timestamp is given with any of the `-d', `-r', or `-t' options and the `--' argument is not given, that argument is interpreted as the time for the other files instead of as a file name. Warning: this usage is obsolescent, and future versions of POSIX will require that support for it be withdrawn. Use `-t' instead. Any FILE that does not exist is created empty. If changing both the access and modification times to the current time, `touch' can change the timestamps for files that the user running it does not own but has write permission for. Otherwise, the user must own the files. Although `touch' provides options for changing two of the times - the times of last access and modification - of a file, there is actually a third one as well: the inode change time. This is often referred to as a file's `ctime'. The inode change time represents the time when the file's meta-information last changed. One common example of this is when the permissions of a file change. Changing the permissions doesn't access the file, so the atime doesn't change, nor does it modify the file, so the mtime doesn't change. Yet, something about the file itself has changed, and this must be noted somewhere. This is the job of the ctime field. This is necessary, so that, for example, a backup program can make a fresh copy of the file, including the new permissions value. Another operation that modifies a file's ctime without affecting the others is renaming. In any case, it is not possible, in normal operations, for a user to change the ctime field to a user-specified value. The program accepts the following options. Also see *Note Common options::. `-a' `--time=atime' `--time=access' `--time=use' Change the access time only. `-c' `--no-create' Do not create files that do not exist. `-d' `--date=time' Use TIME instead of the current time. It can contain month names, timezones, `am' and `pm', etc. *Note Date input formats::. `-f' Ignored; for compatibility with BSD versions of `touch'. `-m' `--time=mtime' `--time=modify' Change the modification time only. `-r FILE' `--reference=FILE' Use the times of the reference FILE instead of the current time. `-t [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss]' Use the argument (optional four-digit or two-digit years, months, days, hours, minutes, optional seconds) instead of the current time. If the year is specified with only two digits, then CC is 20 for years in the range 0 ... 68, and 19 for years in 69 ... 99. If no digits of the year are specified, the argument is interpreted as a date in the current year.  File: fileutils.info, Node: Disk usage, Next: Index, Prev: Changing file attributes, Up: Top Disk usage ********** No disk can hold an infinite amount of data. These commands report on how much disk storage is in use or available. (This has nothing much to do with how much _main memory_, i.e., RAM, a program is using when it runs; for that, you want `ps' or `pstat' or `swap' or some such command.) * Menu: * df invocation:: Report filesystem disk space usage. * du invocation:: Estimate file space usage. * sync invocation:: Synchronize memory and disk.  File: fileutils.info, Node: df invocation, Next: du invocation, Up: Disk usage `df': Report filesystem disk space usage ======================================== `df' reports the amount of disk space used and available on filesystems. Synopsis: df [OPTION]... [FILE]... With no arguments, `df' reports the space used and available on all currently mounted filesystems (of all types). Otherwise, `df' reports on the filesystem containing each argument FILE. Normally the disk space is printed in units of 1024 bytes, but this can be overridden (*note Block size::). If an argument FILE is a disk device file containing a mounted filesystem, `df' shows the space available on that filesystem rather than on the filesystem containing the device node (i.e., the root filesystem). GNU `df' does not attempt to determine the disk usage on unmounted filesystems, because on most kinds of systems doing so requires extremely nonportable intimate knowledge of filesystem structures. The program accepts the following options. Also see *Note Common options::. `-a' `--all' Include in the listing filesystems that have a size of 0 blocks, which are omitted by default. Such filesystems are typically special-purpose pseudo-filesystems, such as automounter entries. Also, filesystems of type "ignore" or "auto", supported by some operating systems, are only included if this option is specified. `-h' `--human-readable' Append a size letter such as `M' for megabytes to each size. Powers of 1024 are used, not 1000; `M' stands for 1,048,576 bytes. Use the `-H' or `--si' option if you prefer powers of 1000. `-H' `--si' Append a size letter such as `M' for megabytes to each size. (SI is the International System of Units, which defines these letters as prefixes.) Powers of 1000 are used, not 1024; `M' stands for 1,000,000 bytes. Use the `-h' or `--human-readable' option if you prefer powers of 1024. `-i' `--inodes' List inode usage information instead of block usage. An inode (short for index node) contains information about a file such as its owner, permissions, timestamps, and location on the disk. `-k' `--kilobytes' Print sizes in 1024-byte blocks, overriding the default block size (*note Block size::). `-l' `--local' Limit the listing to local filesystems. By default, remote filesystems are also listed. `-m' `--megabytes' Print sizes in megabyte (that is, 1,048,576-byte) blocks. `--no-sync' Do not invoke the `sync' system call before getting any usage data. This may make `df' run significantly faster on systems with many disks, but on some systems (notably SunOS) the results may be slightly out of date. This is the default. `-P' `--portability' Use the POSIX output format. This is like the default format except for the following: 1. The information about each filesystem is always printed on exactly one line; a mount device is never put on a line by itself. This means that if the mount device name is more than 20 characters long (e.g., for some network mounts), the columns are misaligned. 2. Non-integer values are rounded up, instead of being rounded down or rounded to the nearest integer. 3. The labels in the header output line are changed to conform to POSIX. `--sync' Invoke the `sync' system call before getting any usage data. On some systems (notably SunOS), doing this yields more up to date results, but in general this option makes `df' much slower, especially when there are many or very busy filesystems. `-t FSTYPE' `--type=FSTYPE' Limit the listing to filesystems of type FSTYPE. Multiple filesystem types can be specified by giving multiple `-t' options. By default, nothing is omitted. `-T' `--print-type' Print each filesystem's type. The types printed here are the same ones you can include or exclude with `-t' and `-x'. The particular types printed are whatever is supported by the system. Here are some of the common names (this list is certainly not exhaustive): `nfs' An NFS filesystem, i.e., one mounted over a network from another machine. This is the one type name which seems to be used uniformly by all systems. `4.2, ufs, efs...' A filesystem on a locally-mounted hard disk. (The system might even support more than one type here; Linux does.) `hsfs, cdfs' A filesystem on a CD-ROM drive. HP-UX uses `cdfs', most other systems use `hsfs' (`hs' for "High Sierra"). `pcfs' An MS-DOS filesystem, usually on a diskette. `-x FSTYPE' `--exclude-type=FSTYPE' Limit the listing to filesystems not of type FSTYPE. Multiple filesystem types can be eliminated by giving multiple `-x' options. By default, no filesystem types are omitted. `-v' Ignored; for compatibility with System V versions of `df'.  File: fileutils.info, Node: du invocation, Next: sync invocation, Prev: df invocation, Up: Disk usage `du': Estimate file space usage =============================== `du' reports the amount of disk space used by the specified files and for each subdirectory (of directory arguments). Synopsis: du [OPTION]... [FILE]... With no arguments, `du' reports the disk space for the current directory. Normally the disk space is printed in units of 1024 bytes, but this can be overridden (*note Block size::). The program accepts the following options. Also see *Note Common options::. `-a' `--all' Show counts for all files, not just directories. `-b' `--bytes' Print sizes in bytes, overriding the default block size (*note Block size::). `-c' `--total' Print a grand total of all arguments after all arguments have been processed. This can be used to find out the total disk usage of a given set of files or directories. `-D' `--dereference-args' Dereference symbolic links that are command line arguments. Does not affect other symbolic links. This is helpful for finding out the disk usage of directories, such as `/usr/tmp', which are often symbolic links. `-h' `--human-readable' Append a size letter such as `M' for megabytes to each size. Powers of 1024 are used, not 1000; `M' stands for 1,048,576 bytes. Use the `-H' or `--si' option if you prefer powers of 1000. `-H' `--si' Append a size letter such as `M' for megabytes to each size. (SI is the International System of Units, which defines these letters as prefixes.) Powers of 1000 are used, not 1024; `M' stands for 1,000,000 bytes. Use the `-h' or `--human-readable' option if you prefer powers of 1024. `-k' `--kilobytes' Print sizes in 1024-byte blocks, overriding the default block size (*note Block size::). `-l' `--count-links' Count the size of all files, even if they have appeared already (as a hard link). `-L' `--dereference' Dereference symbolic links (show the disk space used by the file or directory that the link points to instead of the space used by the link). `--max-depth=DEPTH' Show the total for each directory (and file if -all) that is at most MAX_DEPTH levels down from the root of the hierarchy. The root is at level 0, so `du --max-depth=0' is equivalent to `du -s'. `-m' `--megabytes' Print sizes in megabyte (that is, 1,048,576-byte) blocks. `-s' `--summarize' Display only a total for each argument. `-S' `--separate-dirs' Report the size of each directory separately, not including the sizes of subdirectories. `-x' `--one-file-system' Skip directories that are on different filesystems from the one that the argument being processed is on. `--exclude=PAT' When recursing, skip subdirectories or files matching PAT. For example, `du --exclude='*.o'' excludes files whose names end in `.o'. `-X FILE' `--exclude-from=FILE' Like `--exclude', except take the patterns to exclude from FILE, one per line. If FILE is `-', take the patterns from standard input. On BSD systems, `du' reports sizes that are half the correct values for files that are NFS-mounted from HP-UX systems. On HP-UX systems, it reports sizes that are twice the correct values for files that are NFS-mounted from BSD systems. This is due to a flaw in HP-UX; it also affects the HP-UX `du' program.  File: fileutils.info, Node: sync invocation, Prev: du invocation, Up: Disk usage `sync': Synchronize data on disk with memory ============================================ `sync' writes any data buffered in memory out to disk. This can include (but is not limited to) modified superblocks, modified inodes, and delayed reads and writes. This must be implemented by the kernel; The `sync' program does nothing but exercise the `sync' system call. The kernel keeps data in memory to avoid doing (relatively slow) disk reads and writes. This improves performance, but if the computer crashes, data may be lost or the filesystem corrupted as a result. `sync' ensures everything in memory is written to disk. Any arguments are ignored, except for a lone `--help' or `--version' (*note Common options::).  File: fileutils.info, Node: Index, Prev: Disk usage, Up: Top Index ***** * Menu: * -: shred invocation. * - and Unix rm: rm invocation. * -, removing files beginning with: rm invocation. * --all <1>: du invocation. * --all <2>: df invocation. * --all: Which files are listed. * --almost-all: Which files are listed. * --archive: cp invocation. * --backup <1>: ln invocation. * --backup <2>: mv invocation. * --backup <3>: install invocation. * --backup <4>: cp invocation. * --backup: Backup options. * --block-size=SIZE: Block size. * --bourne-shell: dircolors invocation. * --bytes: du invocation. * --c-shell: dircolors invocation. * --changes <1>: chmod invocation. * --changes <2>: chgrp invocation. * --changes: chown invocation. * --classify: General output formatting. * --color: General output formatting. * --count-links: du invocation. * --csh: dircolors invocation. * --date: touch invocation. * --dereference <1>: du invocation. * --dereference <2>: chgrp invocation. * --dereference <3>: chown invocation. * --dereference <4>: cp invocation. * --dereference: Which files are listed. * --dereference-args: du invocation. * --directory <1>: ln invocation. * --directory <2>: rm invocation. * --directory <3>: install invocation. * --directory: Which files are listed. * --dired: What information is listed. * --escape: Formatting the file names. * --exact: shred invocation. * --exclude-from=FILE: du invocation. * --exclude-type: df invocation. * --exclude=PAT: du invocation. * --file-type: General output formatting. * --force <1>: ln invocation. * --force <2>: shred invocation. * --force <3>: rm invocation. * --force <4>: mv invocation. * --force: cp invocation. * --format <1>: General output formatting. * --format: What information is listed. * --from: chown invocation. * --full-time: General output formatting. * --group: install invocation. * --help: Common options. * --hide-control-chars: Formatting the file names. * --human-readable <1>: du invocation. * --human-readable <2>: df invocation. * --human-readable <3>: What information is listed. * --human-readable: Block size. * --ignore-backups: Which files are listed. * --ignore-fail-on-non-empty: rmdir invocation. * --ignore=PATTERN: Which files are listed. * --indicator-style: General output formatting. * --inode: What information is listed. * --inodes: df invocation. * --interactive <1>: ln invocation. * --interactive <2>: rm invocation. * --interactive <3>: mv invocation. * --interactive: cp invocation. * --iterations=NUMBER: shred invocation. * --kilobytes <1>: du invocation. * --kilobytes <2>: df invocation. * --kilobytes <3>: General output formatting. * --kilobytes: Block size. * --link: cp invocation. * --literal: Formatting the file names. * --local: df invocation. * --max-depth=DEPTH: du invocation. * --megabytes <1>: du invocation. * --megabytes: df invocation. * --mode <1>: mknod invocation. * --mode <2>: mkfifo invocation. * --mode <3>: mkdir invocation. * --mode: install invocation. * --no-create: touch invocation. * --no-dereference <1>: chgrp invocation. * --no-dereference <2>: chown invocation. * --no-dereference <3>: ln invocation. * --no-dereference: cp invocation. * --no-group: What information is listed. * --no-sync: df invocation. * --numeric-uid-gid: General output formatting. * --one-file-system <1>: du invocation. * --one-file-system: cp invocation. * --owner: install invocation. * --parents <1>: rmdir invocation. * --parents <2>: mkdir invocation. * --parents: cp invocation. * --portability: df invocation. * --preserve: cp invocation. * --preserve-timestamps: install invocation. * --print-database: dircolors invocation. * --print-type: df invocation. * --quiet <1>: chmod invocation. * --quiet <2>: chgrp invocation. * --quiet: chown invocation. * --quote-name: Formatting the file names. * --quoting-style: Formatting the file names. * --recursive <1>: chmod invocation. * --recursive <2>: chgrp invocation. * --recursive <3>: chown invocation. * --recursive <4>: rm invocation. * --recursive <5>: cp invocation. * --recursive: Which files are listed. * --reference <1>: touch invocation. * --reference <2>: chmod invocation. * --reference <3>: chgrp invocation. * --reference: chown invocation. * --remove: shred invocation. * --remove-destination: cp invocation. * --reverse: Sorting the output. * --separate-dirs: du invocation. * --sh: dircolors invocation. * --show-control-chars: Formatting the file names. * --si <1>: du invocation. * --si <2>: df invocation. * --si <3>: What information is listed. * --si: Block size. * --silent <1>: chmod invocation. * --silent <2>: chgrp invocation. * --silent: chown invocation. * --size: What information is listed. * --size=BYTES: shred invocation. * --sort: Sorting the output. * --sparse=WHEN: cp invocation. * --strip: install invocation. * --strip-trailing-slashes <1>: mv invocation. * --strip-trailing-slashes: cp invocation. * --suffix <1>: ln invocation. * --suffix <2>: mv invocation. * --suffix <3>: install invocation. * --suffix <4>: cp invocation. * --suffix: Backup options. * --summarize: du invocation. * --symbolic: ln invocation. * --symbolic-link: cp invocation. * --sync: df invocation. * --tabsize: General output formatting. * --target-directory <1>: ln invocation. * --target-directory <2>: mv invocation. * --target-directory <3>: install invocation. * --target-directory <4>: cp invocation. * --target-directory: Target directory. * --time <1>: touch invocation. * --time: Sorting the output. * --total: du invocation. * --type: df invocation. * --update: mv invocation. * --verbose <1>: chmod invocation. * --verbose <2>: chgrp invocation. * --verbose <3>: chown invocation. * --verbose <4>: rmdir invocation. * --verbose <5>: mkdir invocation. * --verbose <6>: ln invocation. * --verbose <7>: shred invocation. * --verbose <8>: rm invocation. * --verbose <9>: mv invocation. * --verbose <10>: install invocation. * --verbose: cp invocation. * --version: Common options. * --version-control <1>: ln invocation. * --version-control <2>: mv invocation. * --version-control <3>: install invocation. * --version-control <4>: cp invocation. * --version-control: Backup options. * --width: General output formatting. * --zero: shred invocation. * -1: General output formatting. * -a <1>: du invocation. * -a <2>: df invocation. * -a <3>: touch invocation. * -a: cp invocation. * -A: Which files are listed. * -a: Which files are listed. * -b <1>: du invocation. * -b <2>: ln invocation. * -b <3>: mv invocation. * -b <4>: install invocation. * -b <5>: cp invocation. * -b <6>: dircolors invocation. * -b: Formatting the file names. * -B: Which files are listed. * -b: Backup options. * -c <1>: du invocation. * -c <2>: touch invocation. * -c <3>: chmod invocation. * -c <4>: chgrp invocation. * -c <5>: chown invocation. * -c <6>: install invocation. * -c: dircolors invocation. * -C: General output formatting. * -c: Sorting the output. * -D: du invocation. * -d <1>: touch invocation. * -d <2>: ln invocation. * -d <3>: rm invocation. * -d <4>: install invocation. * -d: cp invocation. * -D: What information is listed. * -d: Which files are listed. * -f <1>: touch invocation. * -f <2>: chmod invocation. * -f <3>: chgrp invocation. * -f <4>: chown invocation. * -f: ln invocation. * -F: ln invocation. * -f <1>: shred invocation. * -f <2>: rm invocation. * -f <3>: mv invocation. * -f: cp invocation. * -F: General output formatting. * -f: Sorting the output. * -g: install invocation. * -G: What information is listed. * -g (ignored): ls invocation. * -H: du invocation. * -h: du invocation. * -H: df invocation. * -h <1>: df invocation. * -h <2>: chgrp invocation. * -h: chown invocation. * -H <1>: cp invocation. * -H: What information is listed. * -h <1>: What information is listed. * -h: Block size. * -i <1>: df invocation. * -i <2>: ln invocation. * -i <3>: rm invocation. * -i <4>: mv invocation. * -i <5>: cp invocation. * -i: What information is listed. * -I: Which files are listed. * -k <1>: du invocation. * -k <2>: df invocation. * -k <3>: General output formatting. * -k: Block size. * -L: du invocation. * -l <1>: du invocation. * -l: df invocation. * -L: cp invocation. * -l <1>: cp invocation. * -l: What information is listed. * -L: Which files are listed. * -m <1>: du invocation. * -m <2>: df invocation. * -m <3>: touch invocation. * -m <4>: mknod invocation. * -m <5>: mkfifo invocation. * -m <6>: mkdir invocation. * -m <7>: install invocation. * -m: General output formatting. * -n: ln invocation. * -N: Formatting the file names. * -n: General output formatting. * -n NUMBER: shred invocation. * -o <1>: install invocation. * -o: What information is listed. * -P: df invocation. * -p <1>: rmdir invocation. * -p <2>: mkdir invocation. * -p: install invocation. * -P: cp invocation. * -p <1>: cp invocation. * -p: dircolors invocation. * -Q: Formatting the file names. * -q: Formatting the file names. * -r: touch invocation. * -R <1>: chmod invocation. * -R <2>: chgrp invocation. * -R <3>: chown invocation. * -R: rm invocation. * -r: rm invocation. * -R: cp invocation. * -r: Sorting the output. * -R: Which files are listed. * -S: du invocation. * -s: du invocation. * -S: ln invocation. * -s: ln invocation. * -S <1>: mv invocation. * -S: install invocation. * -s: install invocation. * -S: cp invocation. * -s: cp invocation. * -S: Sorting the output. * -s: What information is listed. * -S: Backup options. * -s BYTES: shred invocation. * -T: df invocation. * -t: df invocation. * -T: General output formatting. * -t: Sorting the output. * -u <1>: shred invocation. * -u: mv invocation. * -U: Sorting the output. * -u: Sorting the output. * -v <1>: chmod invocation. * -v <2>: chgrp invocation. * -v <3>: chown invocation. * -v <4>: rmdir invocation. * -v: mkdir invocation. * -V: ln invocation. * -v <1>: ln invocation. * -v <2>: shred invocation. * -v: rm invocation. * -V: mv invocation. * -v: mv invocation. * -V: install invocation. * -v: install invocation. * -V: cp invocation. * -v <1>: cp invocation. * -v: Sorting the output. * -w: General output formatting. * -x <1>: du invocation. * -x <2>: df invocation. * -x <3>: shred invocation. * -x <4>: cp invocation. * -x: General output formatting. * -X: Sorting the output. * -X FILE: du invocation. * -z: shred invocation. * 4.2 filesystem type: df invocation. * abbreviations for months: Calendar date items. * access permissions, changing: chmod invocation. * access time, changing: touch invocation. * access time, printing or sorting files by: Sorting the output. * across, listing files: General output formatting. * adding permissions: Setting Permissions. * ago in date strings: Relative items in date strings. * alternate ebcdic, converting to: dd invocation. * always color option: General output formatting. * am in date strings: Time of day items. * appropriate privileges: install invocation. * ascii, converting to: dd invocation. * atime, changing: touch invocation. * atime, printing or sorting files by: Sorting the output. * attributes, file: Changing file attributes. * authors of getdate: Authors of getdate. * auto color option: General output formatting. * automounter filesystems: df invocation. * b for block special file: mknod invocation. * backslash sequences for file names: Formatting the file names. * backup files, ignoring: Which files are listed. * backup options: Backup options. * backup suffix: Backup options. * backups, making <1>: ln invocation. * backups, making <2>: mv invocation. * backups, making <3>: install invocation. * backups, making <4>: cp invocation. * backups, making: Backup options. * backups, making only: cp invocation. * beginning of time, for POSIX: Date input formats. * Bellovin, Steven M.: Authors of getdate. * Berets, Jim: Authors of getdate. * Berry, K.: Authors of getdate. * block (space-padding): dd invocation. * block size <1>: dd invocation. * block size: Block size. * block size of conversion: dd invocation. * block size of input: dd invocation. * block size of output: dd invocation. * block special files: mknod invocation. * block special files, creating: mknod invocation. * BLOCK_SIZE: Block size. * Bourne shell syntax for color setup: dircolors invocation. * bs: dd invocation. * BSD touch compatibility: touch invocation. * bugs, reporting: Introduction. * byte-swapping: dd invocation. * c for character special file: mknod invocation. * C shell syntax for color setup: dircolors invocation. * calendar date item: Calendar date items. * case, ignored in dates: General date syntax. * cbs: dd invocation. * CD-ROM filesystem type: df invocation. * cdfs filesystem type: df invocation. * changed files, verbosely describing: chgrp invocation. * changed owners, verbosely describing: chown invocation. * changing access permissions: chmod invocation. * changing file attributes: Changing file attributes. * changing file ownership: chown invocation. * changing file timestamps: touch invocation. * changing group ownership <1>: chgrp invocation. * changing group ownership: chown invocation. * changing special permissions: Changing Special Permissions. * character special files: mknod invocation. * character special files, creating: mknod invocation. * chgrp: chgrp invocation. * chmod: chmod invocation. * chown: chown invocation. * color database, printing: dircolors invocation. * color setup: dircolors invocation. * color, distinguishing file types with: General output formatting. * COLUMNS: General output formatting. * commas, outputting between files: General output formatting. * comments, in dates: General date syntax. * common options: Common options. * conditional executability: Conditional Executability. * conv: dd invocation. * conversion block size: dd invocation. * converting while copying a file: dd invocation. * copying directories recursively: cp invocation. * copying existing permissions: Copying Permissions. * copying files and directories: cp invocation. * copying files and setting attributes: install invocation. * count: dd invocation. * cp: cp invocation. * crashes and corruption: sync invocation. * creating directories: mkdir invocation. * creating FIFOs (named pipes): mkfifo invocation. * creating links (hard or soft): ln invocation. * csh syntax for color setup: dircolors invocation. * ctime, printing or sorting by: Sorting the output. * data, erasing: shred invocation. * database for color setup, printing: dircolors invocation. * date format, ISO 8601: Calendar date items. * date input formats: Date input formats. * day in date strings: Relative items in date strings. * day of week item: Day of week items. * dd: dd invocation. * dereferencing symbolic links: ln invocation. * destination directory <1>: ln invocation. * destination directory <2>: mv invocation. * destination directory <3>: install invocation. * destination directory <4>: cp invocation. * destination directory: Target directory. * device file, disk: df invocation. * df: df invocation. * DF_BLOCK_SIZE: Block size. * dir: dir invocation. * dircolors: dircolors invocation. * directories, copying: cp invocation. * directories, copying recursively: cp invocation. * directories, creating: mkdir invocation. * directories, creating with given attributes: install invocation. * directories, removing (recursively): rm invocation. * directories, removing empty: rmdir invocation. * directories, removing with unlink: rm invocation. * directory deletion, ignoring failures: rmdir invocation. * directory deletion, reporting: rmdir invocation. * directory listing: ls invocation. * directory listing, brief: dir invocation. * directory listing, recursive: Which files are listed. * directory listing, verbose: vdir invocation. * directory order, listing by: Sorting the output. * dired Emacs mode support: What information is listed. * disk allocation: What information is listed. * disk device file: df invocation. * disk usage: Disk usage. * disk usage by filesystem: df invocation. * disk usage for files: du invocation. * diskette filesystem: df invocation. * displacement of dates: Relative items in date strings. * DOS filesystem: df invocation. * du: du invocation. * DU_BLOCK_SIZE: Block size. * ebcdic, converting to: dd invocation. * efs filesystem type: df invocation. * Eggert, Paul: Authors of getdate. * empty files, creating: touch invocation. * epoch, for POSIX: Date input formats. * erasing data: shred invocation. * error messages, omitting <1>: chmod invocation. * error messages, omitting <2>: chgrp invocation. * error messages, omitting: chown invocation. * excluding files from du: du invocation. * executables and file type, marking: General output formatting. * execute permission: Mode Structure. * execute permission, symbolic: Setting Permissions. * existing backup method: Backup options. * extension, sorting files by: Sorting the output. * FIFOs, creating: mkfifo invocation. * file attributes, changing: Changing file attributes. * file information, preserving: cp invocation. * file ownership, changing: chown invocation. * file permissions: File permissions. * file permissions, numeric: Numeric Modes. * file space usage: du invocation. * file timestamps, changing: touch invocation. * file type and executables, marking: General output formatting. * file type, marking: General output formatting. * file types: Special file types. * file types, special: Special file types. * file utilities: Top. * files beginning with -, removing: rm invocation. * files, copying: cp invocation. * filesystem disk usage: df invocation. * filesystem space, retrieving current data more slowly: df invocation. * filesystem space, retrieving old data more quickly: df invocation. * filesystem types, limiting output to certain: df invocation. * filesystem types, printing: df invocation. * filesystems and hard links: ln invocation. * filesystems, omitting copying to different: cp invocation. * first in date strings: General date syntax. * force deletion: shred invocation. * fortnight in date strings: Relative items in date strings. * fsck: rm invocation. * general date syntax: General date syntax. * getdate: Date input formats. * giving away permissions: Umask and Protection. * grand total of disk space: du invocation. * group owner, default: Mode Structure. * group ownership of installed files, setting: install invocation. * group ownership, changing <1>: chgrp invocation. * group ownership, changing: chown invocation. * group, permissions for: Setting Permissions. * hard link, defined: ln invocation. * hard links to directories: ln invocation. * hard links, counting in du: du invocation. * hard links, creating: ln invocation. * hard links, preserving: cp invocation. * help, online: Common options. * High Sierra filesystem: df invocation. * history: Introduction. * holes, copying files with: cp invocation. * horizontal, listing files: General output formatting. * hour in date strings: Relative items in date strings. * hsfs filesystem type: df invocation. * human-readable output <1>: du invocation. * human-readable output <2>: df invocation. * human-readable output <3>: What information is listed. * human-readable output: Block size. * ibs: dd invocation. * if: dd invocation. * ignore filesystems: df invocation. * inode number, printing: What information is listed. * inode usage: df invocation. * inode, and hard links: ln invocation. * inodes, written buffered: sync invocation. * input block size: dd invocation. * install: install invocation. * introduction: Introduction. * ISO 8601 date format: Calendar date items. * items in date strings: General date syntax. * iterations, selecting the number of: shred invocation. * kilobytes for filesystem sizes: df invocation. * language, in dates: General date syntax. * last DAY: Day of week items. * last in date strings: General date syntax. * lcase, converting to: dd invocation. * lchown <1>: chgrp invocation. * lchown: chown invocation. * leading directories, creating missing: install invocation. * limiting output of du: du invocation. * links, creating: ln invocation. * Linux filesystem types: df invocation. * ln: ln invocation. * local filesystem types: df invocation. * long ls format: What information is listed. * ls: ls invocation. * LS_BLOCK_SIZE: Block size. * LS_COLORS: dircolors invocation. * MacKenzie, David: Authors of getdate. * Makefiles, installing programs in: install invocation. * manipulating files: Basic operations. * megabytes for filesystem sizes <1>: du invocation. * megabytes for filesystem sizes: df invocation. * Meyering, Jim: Authors of getdate. * midnight in date strings: Time of day items. * minute in date strings: Relative items in date strings. * minutes, time zone correction by: Time of day items. * mkdir: mkdir invocation. * mkfifo: mkfifo invocation. * mknod: mknod invocation. * modes and umask: Umask and Protection. * modes of created directories, setting: mkdir invocation. * modes of created FIFOs, setting: mkfifo invocation. * modification time, sorting files by: Sorting the output. * modify time, changing: touch invocation. * month in date strings: Relative items in date strings. * month names in date strings: Calendar date items. * months, written-out: General date syntax. * MS-DOS filesystem: df invocation. * mtime, changing: touch invocation. * multiple changes to permissions: Multiple Changes. * multipliers after numbers: dd invocation. * mv: mv invocation. * named pipes, creating: mkfifo invocation. * newer files, moving only: mv invocation. * next DAY: Day of week items. * next in date strings: General date syntax. * NFS filesystem type: df invocation. * NFS mounts from BSD to HP-UX <1>: du invocation. * NFS mounts from BSD to HP-UX: What information is listed. * noerror: dd invocation. * non-directories, copying as special files: cp invocation. * none backup method: Backup options. * none color option: General output formatting. * none, sorting option for ls: Sorting the output. * noon in date strings: Time of day items. * notrunc: dd invocation. * now in date strings: Relative items in date strings. * numbered backup method: Backup options. * numbers, written-out: General date syntax. * numeric modes: Numeric Modes. * numeric uid and gid: General output formatting. * obs: dd invocation. * octal numbers for file modes: Numeric Modes. * of: dd invocation. * one filesystem, restricting du to: du invocation. * one-line output format: df invocation. * ordinal numbers: General date syntax. * other permissions: Setting Permissions. * output block size: dd invocation. * output format, portable: df invocation. * owner of file, permissions for: Setting Permissions. * owner, default: Mode Structure. * ownership of installed files, setting: install invocation. * p for FIFO file: mknod invocation. * parent directories and cp: cp invocation. * parent directories, creating: mkdir invocation. * parent directories, creating missing: install invocation. * parent directories, removing: rmdir invocation. * PC filesystem: df invocation. * pcfs: df invocation. * permissions of files: File permissions. * permissions of installed files, setting: install invocation. * permissions, changing access: chmod invocation. * permissions, copying existing: Copying Permissions. * permissions, for changing file timestamps: touch invocation. * permissions, output by ls: What information is listed. * Pinard, F.: Authors of getdate. * pm in date strings: Time of day items. * portable output format: df invocation. * POSIX output format: df invocation. * POSIX.2: Introduction. * POSIXLY_CORRECT, and block size: Block size. * printing color database: dircolors invocation. * prompting, and ln: ln invocation. * prompting, and mv: mv invocation. * prompting, and rm: rm invocation. * prompts, forcing: mv invocation. * prompts, omitting: mv invocation. * pure numbers in date strings: Pure numbers in date strings. * quoting style: Formatting the file names. * read errors, ignoring: dd invocation. * read permission: Mode Structure. * read permission, symbolic: Setting Permissions. * read system call, and holes: cp invocation. * recursive directory listing: Which files are listed. * recursively changing access permissions: chmod invocation. * recursively changing file ownership: chown invocation. * recursively changing group ownership: chgrp invocation. * recursively copying directories: cp invocation. * relative items in date strings: Relative items in date strings. * removing empty directories: rmdir invocation. * removing files after shredding: shred invocation. * removing files or directories: rm invocation. * removing permissions: Setting Permissions. * restricted deletion flag: Mode Structure. * reverse sorting: Sorting the output. * rm: rm invocation. * rmdir: rmdir invocation. * root as default owner: install invocation. * Salz, Rich: Authors of getdate. * seek: dd invocation. * self-backups: cp invocation. * setgid: Mode Structure. * setting permissions: Setting Permissions. * setuid: Mode Structure. * setup for color: dircolors invocation. * sh syntax for color setup: dircolors invocation. * SHELL environment variable, and color: dircolors invocation. * shred: shred invocation. * SI output <1>: du invocation. * SI output <2>: df invocation. * SI output <3>: What information is listed. * SI output: Block size. * simple backup method: Backup options. * SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX: Backup options. * single-column output of files: General output formatting. * size of file to shred: shred invocation. * size of files, reporting: What information is listed. * size of files, sorting files by: Sorting the output. * skip: dd invocation. * sorting ls output: Sorting the output. * sparse files, copying: cp invocation. * special file types: Special file types. * special files: mknod invocation. * status time, printing or sorting by: Sorting the output. * sticky: Mode Structure. * stripping symbol table information: install invocation. * stripping trailing slashes <1>: mv invocation. * stripping trailing slashes: cp invocation. * subtracting permissions: Setting Permissions. * superblock, writing: sync invocation. * swab (byte-swapping): dd invocation. * swap space, saving text image in: Mode Structure. * symbol table information, stripping: install invocation. * symbolic (soft) links, creating: ln invocation. * symbolic link, defined: ln invocation. * symbolic links, changing group: chgrp invocation. * symbolic links, changing owner <1>: chgrp invocation. * symbolic links, changing owner: chown invocation. * symbolic links, copying: cp invocation. * symbolic links, copying with: cp invocation. * symbolic links, dereferencing: Which files are listed. * symbolic links, dereferencing in du: du invocation. * symbolic links, permissions of: chmod invocation. * symbolic modes: Symbolic Modes. * sync: sync invocation. * sync (padding with nulls): dd invocation. * synchronize disk and memory: sync invocation. * target directory <1>: ln invocation. * target directory <2>: mv invocation. * target directory <3>: install invocation. * target directory <4>: cp invocation. * target directory: Target directory. * terminal, using color iff: General output formatting. * text image, saving in swap space: Mode Structure. * this in date strings: Relative items in date strings. * time: touch invocation. * time of day item: Time of day items. * time zone correction: Time of day items. * time zone item <1>: Time zone items. * time zone item: General date syntax. * timestamps of installed files, preserving: install invocation. * timestamps, changing file: touch invocation. * today in date strings: Relative items in date strings. * tomorrow in date strings: Relative items in date strings. * touch: touch invocation. * trailing slashes: Trailing slashes. * truncating output file, avoiding: dd invocation. * ucase, converting to: dd invocation. * ufs filesystem type: df invocation. * umask and modes: Umask and Protection. * unblock: dd invocation. * unlink: rm invocation. * unsorted directory listing: Sorting the output. * use time, changing: touch invocation. * use time, printing or sorting files by: Sorting the output. * utilities for file handling: Top. * vdir: vdir invocation. * verbose ls format: What information is listed. * version number, finding: Common options. * version, sorting option for ls: Sorting the output. * version-control Emacs variable: Backup options. * VERSION_CONTROL <1>: ln invocation. * VERSION_CONTROL <2>: mv invocation. * VERSION_CONTROL <3>: install invocation. * VERSION_CONTROL <4>: cp invocation. * VERSION_CONTROL: Backup options. * vertical sorted files in columns: General output formatting. * week in date strings: Relative items in date strings. * write permission: Mode Structure. * write permission, symbolic: Setting Permissions. * year in date strings: Relative items in date strings. * yesterday in date strings: Relative items in date strings.  Tag Table: Node: Top2255 Node: Introduction2975 Node: Common options4293 Node: Backup options5090 Node: Block size7128 Node: Target directory10572 Node: Trailing slashes12805 Node: File permissions13795 Node: Mode Structure14382 Node: Symbolic Modes16562 Node: Setting Permissions17564 Node: Copying Permissions20104 Node: Changing Special Permissions20893 Node: Conditional Executability22518 Node: Multiple Changes23140 Node: Umask and Protection24793 Node: Numeric Modes25887 Node: Date input formats27708 Node: General date syntax30485 Node: Calendar date items32900 Node: Time of day items34898 Node: Time zone items36725 Node: Day of week items37576 Node: Relative items in date strings38566 Node: Pure numbers in date strings40529 Node: Authors of getdate41510 Node: Directory listing42259 Node: ls invocation42737 Node: Which files are listed44310 Node: What information is listed45942 Node: Sorting the output51070 Node: More details about version sort53378 Node: General output formatting54615 Node: Formatting the file names58624 Node: dir invocation60771 Node: vdir invocation61199 Node: dircolors invocation61594 Node: Basic operations62979 Node: cp invocation63596 Node: dd invocation71708 Node: install invocation74893 Node: mv invocation78410 Node: rm invocation81682 Node: shred invocation83756 Node: Special file types90267 Node: ln invocation91551 Node: mkdir invocation95807 Node: mkfifo invocation97295 Node: mknod invocation98191 Node: rmdir invocation99675 Node: Changing file attributes100827 Node: chown invocation101637 Node: chgrp invocation105665 Node: chmod invocation107590 Node: touch invocation109185 Node: Disk usage112196 Node: df invocation112809 Node: du invocation117911 Node: sync invocation121424 Node: Index122244  End Tag Table invocation. * recursively changing group ownership: chgrp invocation. * recursively copying directories: cp invocation. * relative items in date strings: Relative items in date strings. * removing empty directories:./man/ 755 0 0 0 7441023264 4632 ./man/man1/ 755 0 0 0 7441023311 5457 ./man/man1/chgrp.1 644 0 0 3320 7272750366 6752 .\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.24. .TH CHGRP "1" "April 2001" "chgrp (fileutils) 4.1" FSF .SH NAME chgrp \- change group ownership .SH SYNOPSIS .B chgrp [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fIGROUP FILE\fR... .br .B chgrp [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fI--reference=RFILE FILE\fR... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Change the group membership of each FILE to GROUP. .TP \fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-changes\fR like verbose but report only when a change is made .TP \fB\-\-dereference\fR affect the referent of each symbolic link, rather than the symbolic link itself .TP \fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-no\-dereference\fR affect symbolic links instead of any referenced file (available only on systems that can change the ownership of a symlink) .TP \fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-silent\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR suppress most error messages .TP \fB\-\-reference\fR=\fIRFILE\fR use RFILE's group rather than the specified GROUP value .TP \fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-recursive\fR operate on files and directories recursively .TP \fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-verbose\fR output a diagnostic for every file processed .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report bugs to . .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. .br This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B chgrp is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B chgrp programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info chgrp .PP should give you access to the complete manual. items in date strings. * write permission: Mode Structure. * write permission, symbolic: Setting Permissions. * year in date strings: Relative items in date strings. * yesterday in date strings: Relative items in date strings.  Tag Table: ./man/man1/chmod.1 644 0 0 7735 7272750366 6757 .\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.24. .TH CHMOD "1" "April 2001" "chmod (fileutils) 4.1" FSF .SH NAME chmod \- change file access permissions .SH SYNOPSIS .B chmod [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fIMODE\fR[\fI,MODE\fR]... \fIFILE\fR... .br .B chmod [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fIOCTAL-MODE FILE\fR... .br .B chmod [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fI--reference=RFILE FILE\fR... .SH DESCRIPTION This manual page documents the GNU version of .BR chmod . .B chmod changes the permissions of each given file according to .IR mode , which can be either a symbolic representation of changes to make, or an octal number representing the bit pattern for the new permissions. .PP The format of a symbolic mode is `[ugoa...][[+-=][rwxXstugo...]...][,...]'. Multiple symbolic operations can be given, separated by commas. .PP A combination of the letters `ugoa' controls which users' access to the file will be changed: the user who owns it (u), other users in the file's group (g), other users not in the file's group (o), or all users (a). If none of these are given, the effect is as if `a' were given, but bits that are set in the umask are not affected. .PP The operator `+' causes the permissions selected to be added to the existing permissions of each file; `-' causes them to be removed; and `=' causes them to be the only permissions that the file has. .PP The letters `rwxXstugo' select the new permissions for the affected users: read (r), write (w), execute (or access for directories) (x), execute only if the file is a directory or already has execute permission for some user (X), set user or group ID on execution (s), save program text on swap device (t), the permissions that the user who owns the file currently has for it (u), the permissions that other users in the file's group have for it (g), and the permissions that other users not in the file's group have for it (o). .PP A numeric mode is from one to four octal digits (0-7), derived by adding up the bits with values 4, 2, and 1. Any omitted digits are assumed to be leading zeros. The first digit selects the set user ID (4) and set group ID (2) and save text image (1) attributes. The second digit selects permissions for the user who owns the file: read (4), write (2), and execute (1); the third selects permissions for other users in the file's group, with the same values; and the fourth for other users not in the file's group, with the same values. .PP .B chmod never changes the permissions of symbolic links; the .B chmod system call cannot change their permissions. This is not a problem since the permissions of symbolic links are never used. However, for each symbolic link listed on the command line, .B chmod changes the permissions of the pointed-to file. In contrast, .B chmod ignores symbolic links encountered during recursive directory traversals. .SH OPTIONS .PP Change the mode of each FILE to MODE. .TP \fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-changes\fR like verbose but report only when a change is made .TP \fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-silent\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR suppress most error messages .TP \fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-verbose\fR output a diagnostic for every file processed .TP \fB\-\-reference\fR=\fIRFILE\fR use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values .TP \fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-recursive\fR change files and directories recursively .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP Each MODE is one or more of the letters ugoa, one of the symbols +-= and one or more of the letters rwxXstugo. .SH AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report bugs to . .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. .br This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B chmod is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B chmod programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info chmod .PP should give you access to the complete manual. ings. * removing empty directories:./man/man1/chown.1 644 0 0 6044 7272750366 6773 .\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.24. .TH CHOWN "1" "April 2001" "chown (fileutils) 4.1" FSF .SH NAME chown \- change file owner and group .SH SYNOPSIS .B chown [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fIOWNER\fR[\fI:\fR[\fIGROUP\fR]] \fIFILE\fR... .br .B chown [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fI:GROUP FILE\fR... .br .B chown [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fI--reference=RFILE FILE\fR... .SH DESCRIPTION This manual page documents the GNU version of .BR chown . .B chown changes the user and/or group ownership of each given file, according to its first non-option argument, which is interpreted as follows. If only a user name (or numeric user ID) is given, that user is made the owner of each given file, and the files' group is not changed. If the user name is followed by a colon or dot and a group name (or numeric group ID), with no spaces between them, the group ownership of the files is changed as well. If a colon or dot but no group name follows the user name, that user is made the owner of the files and the group of the files is changed to that user's login group. If the colon or dot and group are given, but the user name is omitted, only the group of the files is changed; in this case, .B chown performs the same function as .BR chgrp . .Sh OPTIONS .PP Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP. .TP \fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-changes\fR like verbose but report only when a change is made .TP \fB\-\-dereference\fR affect the referent of each symbolic link, rather than the symbolic link itself .TP \fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-no\-dereference\fR affect symbolic links instead of any referenced file (available only on systems that can change the ownership of a symlink) .TP \fB\-\-from\fR=\fICURRENT_OWNER\fR:CURRENT_GROUP change the owner and/or group of each file only if its current owner and/or group match those specified here. Either may be omitted, in which case a match is not required for the omitted attribute. .TP \fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-silent\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR suppress most error messages .TP \fB\-\-reference\fR=\fIRFILE\fR use RFILE's owner and group rather than the specified OWNER:GROUP values .TP \fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-recursive\fR operate on files and directories recursively .TP \fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-verbose\fR output a diagnostic for every file processed .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP Owner is unchanged if missing. Group is unchanged if missing, but changed to login group if implied by a `:'. OWNER and GROUP may be numeric as well as symbolic. .SH AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report bugs to . .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. .br This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B chown is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B chown programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info chown .PP should give you access to the complete manual. very file processed .TP \fB\-\-reference\fR=\fIRFILE\fR use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values .TP \fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-recursive\fR change files and directories recursively .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP Each MODE is one or more of the letters ugoa, one of the symbols +-= and one or more of the letters rwxXstugo. .SH AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report bugs to . .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. .br This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B cp is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B cp programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info cp .PP should give you access to the complete manual. ess to the complete manual. ings. * removing empty directories:./man/man1/dir.1 644 0 0 12573 7272761120 6445 .\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.24. .TH DIR "1" "April 2001" "dir (fileutils) 4.1" FSF .SH NAME dir \- list directory contents .SH SYNOPSIS .B dir [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of \fB\-cftuSUX\fR nor \fB\-\-sort\fR. .TP \fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR do not hide entries starting with . .TP \fB\-A\fR, \fB\-\-almost\-all\fR do not list implied . and .. .TP \fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-escape\fR print octal escapes for nongraphic characters .TP \fB\-\-block\-size\fR=\fISIZE\fR use SIZE-byte blocks .TP \fB\-B\fR, \fB\-\-ignore\-backups\fR do not list implied entries ending with ~ .TP \fB\-c\fR with \fB\-lt\fR: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with \fB\-l\fR: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime .TP \fB\-C\fR list entries by columns .TP \fB\-\-color\fR[=\fIWHEN\fR] control whether color is used to distinguish file types. WHEN may be `never', `always', or `auto' .TP \fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-directory\fR list directory entries instead of contents .TP \fB\-D\fR, \fB\-\-dired\fR generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode .TP \fB\-f\fR do not sort, enable \fB\-aU\fR, disable \fB\-lst\fR .TP \fB\-F\fR, \fB\-\-classify\fR append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries .TP \fB\-\-format\fR=\fIWORD\fR across \fB\-x\fR, commas \fB\-m\fR, horizontal \fB\-x\fR, long \fB\-l\fR, single-column \fB\-1\fR, verbose \fB\-l\fR, vertical \fB\-C\fR .TP \fB\-\-full\-time\fR list both full date and full time .TP \fB\-g\fR (ignored) .TP \fB\-G\fR, \fB\-\-no\-group\fR inhibit display of group information .TP \fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-human\-readable\fR print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) .TP \fB\-\-si\fR likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 .TP \fB\-H\fR same as `--si' for now; soon to change to conform to POSIX .TP \fB\-\-indicator\-style\fR=\fIWORD\fR append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), classify (-F), file-type (-p) .TP \fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-inode\fR print index number of each file .TP \fB\-I\fR, \fB\-\-ignore\fR=\fIPATTERN\fR do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN .TP \fB\-k\fR, \fB\-\-kilobytes\fR like \fB\-\-block\-size\fR=\fI1024\fR .TP \fB\-l\fR use a long listing format .TP \fB\-L\fR, \fB\-\-dereference\fR list entries pointed to by symbolic links .TP \fB\-m\fR fill width with a comma separated list of entries .TP \fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-numeric\-uid\-gid\fR list numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names .TP \fB\-N\fR, \fB\-\-literal\fR print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) .TP \fB\-o\fR use long listing format without group info .TP \fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-file\-type\fR append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries .TP \fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-hide\-control\-chars\fR print ? instead of non graphic characters .TP \fB\-\-show\-control\-chars\fR show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) .TP \fB\-Q\fR, \fB\-\-quote\-name\fR enclose entry names in double quotes .TP \fB\-\-quoting\-style\fR=\fIWORD\fR use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape .TP \fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-reverse\fR reverse order while sorting .TP \fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-recursive\fR list subdirectories recursively .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-size\fR print size of each file, in blocks .TP \fB\-S\fR sort by file size .TP \fB\-\-sort\fR=\fIWORD\fR extension \fB\-X\fR, none \fB\-U\fR, size \fB\-S\fR, time \fB\-t\fR, version \fB\-v\fR .IP status \fB\-c\fR, time \fB\-t\fR, atime \fB\-u\fR, access \fB\-u\fR, use \fB\-u\fR .TP \fB\-\-time\fR=\fIWORD\fR show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or status; use specified time as sort key if \fB\-\-sort\fR=\fItime\fR .TP \fB\-t\fR sort by modification time .TP \fB\-T\fR, \fB\-\-tabsize\fR=\fICOLS\fR assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 .TP \fB\-u\fR with \fB\-lt\fR: sort by, and show, access time with \fB\-l\fR: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time .TP \fB\-U\fR do not sort; list entries in directory order .TP \fB\-v\fR sort by version .TP \fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-width\fR=\fICOLS\fR assume screen width instead of current value .TP \fB\-x\fR list entries by lines instead of by columns .TP \fB\-X\fR sort alphabetically by entry extension .TP \fB\-1\fR list one file per line .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP By default, color is not used to distinguish types of files. That is equivalent to using \fB\-\-color\fR=\fInone\fR. Using the \fB\-\-color\fR option without the optional WHEN argument is equivalent to using \fB\-\-color\fR=\fIalways\fR. With \fB\-\-color\fR=\fIauto\fR, color codes are output only if standard output is connected to a terminal (tty). .SH AUTHOR Written by Richard Stallman and David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report bugs to . .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. .br This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B dir is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B dir programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info dir .PP should give you access to the complete manual. ointed to by symbolic links .TP \fB\-m\fR fill width with a comma separated list of entries .TP \fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-numeric\-uid\-gid\f./man/man1/dd.1 644 0 0 4403 7272750367 6242 .\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.24. .TH DD "1" "April 2001" "dd (fileutils) 4.1" FSF .SH NAME dd \- convert and copy a file .SH SYNOPSIS .B dd [\fIOPTION\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Copy a file, converting and formatting according to the options. .TP bs=BYTES force ibs=BYTES and obs=BYTES .TP cbs=BYTES convert BYTES bytes at a time .TP conv=KEYWORDS convert the file as per the comma separated keyword list .TP count=BLOCKS copy only BLOCKS input blocks .TP ibs=BYTES read BYTES bytes at a time .TP if=FILE read from FILE instead of stdin .TP obs=BYTES write BYTES bytes at a time .TP of=FILE write to FILE instead of stdout .TP seek=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS obs-sized blocks at start of output .TP skip=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS ibs-sized blocks at start of input .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP BLOCKS and BYTES may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: xM M, c 1, w 2, b 512, kD 1000, k 1024, MD 1,000,000, M 1,048,576, GD 1,000,000,000, G 1,073,741,824, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Each KEYWORD may be: .TP ascii from EBCDIC to ASCII .TP ebcdic from ASCII to EBCDIC .TP ibm from ASCII to alternated EBCDIC .TP block pad newline-terminated records with spaces to cbs-size .TP unblock replace trailing spaces in cbs-size records with newline .TP lcase change upper case to lower case .TP notrunc do not truncate the output file .TP ucase change lower case to upper case .TP swab swap every pair of input bytes .TP noerror continue after read errors .TP sync pad every input block with NULs to ibs-size; when used .IP with block or unblock, pad with spaces rather than NULs .SH AUTHOR Written by Paul Rubin, David MacKenzie, and Stuart Kemp. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report bugs to . .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. .br This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B dd is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B dd programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info dd .PP should give you access to the complete manual. ams are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info dir .PP should give you access to the complete manual. ointed to by symbolic links .TP \fB\-m\fR fill width with a comma separated list of entries .TP \fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-numeric\-uid\-gid\f./man/man1/df.1 644 0 0 5565 7272750370 6250 .\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.24. .TH DF "1" "April 2001" "df (fileutils) 4.1" FSF .SH NAME df \- report filesystem disk space usage .SH SYNOPSIS .B df [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION This manual page documents the GNU version of .BR df . .B df displays the amount of disk space available on the filesystem containing each file name argument. If no file name is given, the space available on all currently mounted filesystems is shown. Disk space is shown in 1K blocks by default, unless the environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, in which case 512-byte blocks are used. .PP If an argument is the absolute file name of a disk device node containing a mounted filesystem, .B df shows the space available on that filesystem rather than on the filesystem containing the device node (which is always the root filesystem). This version of .B df cannot show the space available on unmounted filesystems, because on most kinds of systems doing so requires very nonportable intimate knowledge of filesystem structures. .SH OPTIONS .PP Show information about the filesystem on which each FILE resides, or all filesystems by default. .TP \fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR include filesystems having 0 blocks .HP \fB\-\-block\-size\fR=\fISIZE\fR use SIZE-byte blocks .TP \fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-human\-readable\fR print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) .TP \fB\-H\fR, \fB\-\-si\fR likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 .TP \fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-inodes\fR list inode information instead of block usage .TP \fB\-k\fR, \fB\-\-kilobytes\fR like \fB\-\-block\-size\fR=\fI1024\fR .TP \fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-local\fR limit listing to local filesystems .TP \fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-megabytes\fR like \fB\-\-block\-size\fR=\fI1048576\fR .TP \fB\-\-no\-sync\fR do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default) .TP \fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-portability\fR use the POSIX output format .TP \fB\-\-sync\fR invoke sync before getting usage info .TP \fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-type\fR=\fITYPE\fR limit listing to filesystems of type TYPE .TP \fB\-T\fR, \fB\-\-print\-type\fR print filesystem type .TP \fB\-x\fR, \fB\-\-exclude\-type\fR=\fITYPE\fR limit listing to filesystems not of type TYPE .TP \fB\-v\fR (ignored) .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by Torbjorn Granlund, David MacKenzie, Larry McVoy, and Paul Eggert. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report bugs to . .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. .br This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B df is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B df programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info df .PP should give you access to the complete manual. ion of .B df cannot show the space available on unmounted filesystems, because on most kinds of systems doing so requires very nonportable ./man/man1/dircolors.1 644 0 0 2767 7272750370 7660 .\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.24. .TH DIRCOLORS "1" "April 2001" "dircolors (fileutils) 4.1" FSF .SH NAME dircolors \- color setup for ls .SH SYNOPSIS .B dircolors [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR] .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Output commands to set the LS_COLORS environment variable. .SS "Determine format of output:" .TP \fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-sh\fR, \fB\-\-bourne\-shell\fR output Bourne shell code to set LS_COLORS .TP \fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-csh\fR, \fB\-\-c\-shell\fR output C shell code to set LS_COLORS .TP \fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-print\-database\fR output defaults .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP If FILE is specified, read it to determine which colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the format of these files, run `dircolors \fB\-\-print\-database\fR'. .SH AUTHOR Written by H. Peter Anvin. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report bugs to . .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. .br This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B dircolors is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B dircolors programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info dircolors .PP should give you access to the complete manual. instead o./man/man1/du.1 644 0 0 4613 7272750371 6261 .\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.24. .TH DU "1" "April 2001" "du (fileutils) 4.1" FSF .SH NAME du \- estimate file space usage .SH SYNOPSIS .B du [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Summarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories. .TP \fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR write counts for all files, not just directories .HP \fB\-\-block\-size\fR=\fISIZE\fR use SIZE-byte blocks .TP \fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-bytes\fR print size in bytes .TP \fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-total\fR produce a grand total .TP \fB\-D\fR, \fB\-\-dereference\-args\fR dereference PATHs when symbolic link .TP \fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-human\-readable\fR print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) .TP \fB\-H\fR, \fB\-\-si\fR likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 .TP \fB\-k\fR, \fB\-\-kilobytes\fR like \fB\-\-block\-size\fR=\fI1024\fR .TP \fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-count\-links\fR count sizes many times if hard linked .TP \fB\-L\fR, \fB\-\-dereference\fR dereference all symbolic links .TP \fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-megabytes\fR like \fB\-\-block\-size\fR=\fI1048576\fR .TP \fB\-S\fR, \fB\-\-separate\-dirs\fR do not include size of subdirectories .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-summarize\fR display only a total for each argument .TP \fB\-x\fR, \fB\-\-one\-file\-system\fR skip directories on different filesystems .TP \fB\-X\fR FILE, \fB\-\-exclude\-from\fR=\fIFILE\fR Exclude files that match any pattern in FILE. .TP \fB\-\-exclude\fR=\fIPAT\fR Exclude files that match PAT. .TP \fB\-\-max\-depth\fR=\fIN\fR print the total for a directory (or file, with \fB\-\-all\fR) only if it is N or fewer levels below the command line argument; \fB\-\-max\-depth\fR=\fI0\fR is the same as \fB\-\-summarize\fR .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by Torbjorn Granlund, David MacKenzie, Larry McVoy, and Paul Eggert. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report bugs to . .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. .br This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B du is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B du programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info du .PP should give you access to the complete manual. bolic links .TP \fB\-m\fR fill width with a comma separated list of entries .TP \fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-numeric\-uid\-gid\f./man/man1/install.1 644 0 0 5520 7272750371 7315 .\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.24. .TH INSTALL "1" "April 2001" "install (fileutils) 4.1" FSF .SH NAME install \- copy files and set attributes .SH SYNOPSIS .B install [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fISOURCE DEST (1st format)\fR .br .B install [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fISOURCE\fR... \fIDIRECTORY (2nd format)\fR .br .B install \fI-d \fR[\fIOPTION\fR]... \fIDIRECTORY\fR... \fI(3rd format)\fR .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP In the first two formats, copy SOURCE to DEST or multiple SOURCE(s) to the existing DIRECTORY, while setting permission modes and owner/group. In the third format, create all components of the given DIRECTORY(ies). .HP \fB\-\-backup\fR[=\fICONTROL\fR] make a backup of each existing destination file .TP \fB\-b\fR like \fB\-\-backup\fR but does not accept an argument .TP \fB\-c\fR (ignored) .TP \fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-directory\fR treat all arguments as directory names; create all components of the specified directories .TP \fB\-D\fR create all leading components of DEST except the last, then copy SOURCE to DEST; useful in the 1st format .TP \fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-group\fR=\fIGROUP\fR set group ownership, instead of process' current group .TP \fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-mode\fR=\fIMODE\fR set permission mode (as in chmod), instead of rwxr-xr-x .TP \fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-owner\fR=\fIOWNER\fR set ownership (super-user only) .TP \fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-preserve\-timestamps\fR apply access/modification times of SOURCE files to corresponding destination files .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-strip\fR strip symbol tables, only for 1st and 2nd formats .HP \fB\-S\fR, \fB\-\-suffix\fR=\fISUFFIX\fR override the usual backup suffix .TP \fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-verbose\fR print the name of each directory as it is created .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP The backup suffix is `~', unless set with \fB\-\-suffix\fR or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the \fB\-\-backup\fR option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: .TP none, off never make backups (even if \fB\-\-backup\fR is given) .TP numbered, t make numbered backups .TP existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise .TP simple, never always make simple backups .SH AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report bugs to . .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. .br This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B install is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B install programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info install .PP should give you access to the complete manual. set ownership (super-user only) .TP \fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-preserve\-timestamps\fR apply access/modification times of SOURCE files to corresponding destination files .TP \fB\-s\fR, ./man/man1/ln.1 644 0 0 5361 7272750371 6263 .\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.24. .TH LN "1" "April 2001" "ln (fileutils) 4.1" FSF .SH NAME ln \- make links between files .SH SYNOPSIS .B ln [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fITARGET \fR[\fILINK_NAME\fR] .br .B ln [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fITARGET\fR... \fIDIRECTORY\fR .br .B ln [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fI--target-directory=DIRECTORY TARGET\fR... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Create a link to the specified TARGET with optional LINK_NAME. If LINK_NAME is omitted, a link with the same basename as the TARGET is created in the current directory. When using the second form with more than one TARGET, the last argument must be a directory; create links in DIRECTORY to each TARGET. Create hard links by default, symbolic links with \fB\-\-symbolic\fR. When creating hard links, each TARGET must exist. .TP \fB\-\-backup\fR[=\fICONTROL\fR] make a backup of each existing destination file .TP \fB\-b\fR like \fB\-\-backup\fR but does not accept an argument .TP \fB\-d\fR, \fB\-F\fR, \fB\-\-directory\fR hard link directories (super-user only) .TP \fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR remove existing destination files .TP \fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-no\-dereference\fR treat destination that is a symlink to a directory as if it were a normal file .TP \fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-interactive\fR prompt whether to remove destinations .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-symbolic\fR make symbolic links instead of hard links .TP \fB\-S\fR, \fB\-\-suffix\fR=\fISUFFIX\fR override the usual backup suffix .TP \fB\-\-target\-directory\fR=\fIDIRECTORY\fR specify the DIRECTORY in which to create the links .TP \fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-verbose\fR print name of each file before linking .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP The backup suffix is `~', unless set with \fB\-\-suffix\fR or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the \fB\-\-backup\fR option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: .TP none, off never make backups (even if \fB\-\-backup\fR is given) .TP numbered, t make numbered backups .TP existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise .TP simple, never always make simple backups .SH AUTHOR Written by Mike Parker and David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report bugs to . .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. .br This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B ln is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B ln programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info ln .PP should give you access to the complete manual. append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries .TP \fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-hide\-control\-chars\fR print ? instead of non graphic characters .TP \fB\-\-show\-control\-chars\fR show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) .TP \fB\-Q\fR./man/man1/ls.1 644 0 0 12564 7272761121 6306 .\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.24. .TH LS "1" "April 2001" "ls (fileutils) 4.1" FSF .SH NAME ls \- list directory contents .SH SYNOPSIS .B ls [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of \fB\-cftuSUX\fR nor \fB\-\-sort\fR. .TP \fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR do not hide entries starting with . .TP \fB\-A\fR, \fB\-\-almost\-all\fR do not list implied . and .. .TP \fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-escape\fR print octal escapes for nongraphic characters .TP \fB\-\-block\-size\fR=\fISIZE\fR use SIZE-byte blocks .TP \fB\-B\fR, \fB\-\-ignore\-backups\fR do not list implied entries ending with ~ .TP \fB\-c\fR with \fB\-lt\fR: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with \fB\-l\fR: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime .TP \fB\-C\fR list entries by columns .TP \fB\-\-color\fR[=\fIWHEN\fR] control whether color is used to distinguish file types. WHEN may be `never', `always', or `auto' .TP \fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-directory\fR list directory entries instead of contents .TP \fB\-D\fR, \fB\-\-dired\fR generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode .TP \fB\-f\fR do not sort, enable \fB\-aU\fR, disable \fB\-lst\fR .TP \fB\-F\fR, \fB\-\-classify\fR append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries .TP \fB\-\-format\fR=\fIWORD\fR across \fB\-x\fR, commas \fB\-m\fR, horizontal \fB\-x\fR, long \fB\-l\fR, single-column \fB\-1\fR, verbose \fB\-l\fR, vertical \fB\-C\fR .TP \fB\-\-full\-time\fR list both full date and full time .TP \fB\-g\fR (ignored) .TP \fB\-G\fR, \fB\-\-no\-group\fR inhibit display of group information .TP \fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-human\-readable\fR print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) .TP \fB\-\-si\fR likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 .TP \fB\-H\fR same as `--si' for now; soon to change to conform to POSIX .TP \fB\-\-indicator\-style\fR=\fIWORD\fR append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), classify (-F), file-type (-p) .TP \fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-inode\fR print index number of each file .TP \fB\-I\fR, \fB\-\-ignore\fR=\fIPATTERN\fR do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN .TP \fB\-k\fR, \fB\-\-kilobytes\fR like \fB\-\-block\-size\fR=\fI1024\fR .TP \fB\-l\fR use a long listing format .TP \fB\-L\fR, \fB\-\-dereference\fR list entries pointed to by symbolic links .TP \fB\-m\fR fill width with a comma separated list of entries .TP \fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-numeric\-uid\-gid\fR list numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names .TP \fB\-N\fR, \fB\-\-literal\fR print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) .TP \fB\-o\fR use long listing format without group info .TP \fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-file\-type\fR append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries .TP \fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-hide\-control\-chars\fR print ? instead of non graphic characters .TP \fB\-\-show\-control\-chars\fR show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) .TP \fB\-Q\fR, \fB\-\-quote\-name\fR enclose entry names in double quotes .TP \fB\-\-quoting\-style\fR=\fIWORD\fR use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape .TP \fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-reverse\fR reverse order while sorting .TP \fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-recursive\fR list subdirectories recursively .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-size\fR print size of each file, in blocks .TP \fB\-S\fR sort by file size .TP \fB\-\-sort\fR=\fIWORD\fR extension \fB\-X\fR, none \fB\-U\fR, size \fB\-S\fR, time \fB\-t\fR, version \fB\-v\fR .IP status \fB\-c\fR, time \fB\-t\fR, atime \fB\-u\fR, access \fB\-u\fR, use \fB\-u\fR .TP \fB\-\-time\fR=\fIWORD\fR show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or status; use specified time as sort key if \fB\-\-sort\fR=\fItime\fR .TP \fB\-t\fR sort by modification time .TP \fB\-T\fR, \fB\-\-tabsize\fR=\fICOLS\fR assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 .TP \fB\-u\fR with \fB\-lt\fR: sort by, and show, access time with \fB\-l\fR: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time .TP \fB\-U\fR do not sort; list entries in directory order .TP \fB\-v\fR sort by version .TP \fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-width\fR=\fICOLS\fR assume screen width instead of current value .TP \fB\-x\fR list entries by lines instead of by columns .TP \fB\-X\fR sort alphabetically by entry extension .TP \fB\-1\fR list one file per line .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP By default, color is not used to distinguish types of files. That is equivalent to using \fB\-\-color\fR=\fInone\fR. Using the \fB\-\-color\fR option without the optional WHEN argument is equivalent to using \fB\-\-color\fR=\fIalways\fR. With \fB\-\-color\fR=\fIauto\fR, color codes are output only if standard output is connected to a terminal (tty). .SH AUTHOR Written by Richard Stallman and David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report bugs to . .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. .br This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B ls is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B ls programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info ls .PP should give you access to the complete manual. .TP \fB\-\-show\-control\-chars\fR show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) .TP \fB\-Q\fR./man/man1/mkdir.1 644 0 0 2351 7272750373 6756 .\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.24. .TH MKDIR "1" "April 2001" "mkdir (fileutils) 4.1" FSF .SH NAME mkdir \- make directories .SH SYNOPSIS .B mkdir [\fIOPTION\fR] \fIDIRECTORY\fR... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. .TP \fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-mode\fR=\fIMODE\fR set permission mode (as in chmod), not rwxrwxrwx - umask .TP \fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-parents\fR no error if existing, make parent directories as needed .TP \fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-verbose\fR print a message for each created directory .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report bugs to . .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. .br This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B mkdir is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B mkdir programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info mkdir .PP should give you access to the complete manual. me as sort key if \fB\-\-sort\fR=\fItime\fR .TP \fB\-t\fR sort by modification time .TP \fB\-T\fR, \fB\-\-tabsize\fR=\fICOLS\fR assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 .TP \fB\-u\fR with \fB\-lt\fR: sort by, and show, access time with \fB\-l\fR: show access time and sort by n./man/man1/mkfifo.1 644 0 0 2101 7272750373 7114 .\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.24. .TH MKFIFO "1" "April 2001" "mkfifo (fileutils) 4.1" FSF .SH NAME mkfifo \- make FIFOs (named pipes) .SH SYNOPSIS .B mkfifo [\fIOPTION\fR] \fINAME\fR... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Create named pipes (FIFOs) with the given NAMEs. .TP \fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-mode\fR=\fIMODE\fR set permission mode (as in chmod), not a=rw - umask .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report bugs to . .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. .br This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B mkfifo is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B mkfifo programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info mkfifo .PP should give you access to the complete manual. nfo manual. If the .B info and .B mkdir programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info mkdir .PP should give you access to the complete manual. me as sort key if \fB\-\-sort\fR=\fItime\fR .TP \fB\-t\fR sort by modification time .TP \fB\-T\fR, \fB\-\-tabsize\fR=\fICOLS\fR assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 .TP \fB\-u\fR with \fB\-lt\fR: sort by, and show, access time with \fB\-l\fR: show access time and sort by n./man/man1/mknod.1 644 0 0 2443 7272750373 6762 .\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.24. .TH MKNOD "1" "April 2001" "mknod (fileutils) 4.1" FSF .SH NAME mknod \- make block or character special files .SH SYNOPSIS .B mknod [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fINAME TYPE \fR[\fIMAJOR MINOR\fR] .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE. .TP \fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-mode\fR=\fIMODE\fR set permission mode (as in chmod), not a=rw - umask .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP MAJOR MINOR are forbidden for TYPE p, mandatory otherwise. TYPE may be: .TP b create a block (buffered) special file .TP c, u create a character (unbuffered) special file .TP p create a FIFO .SH AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report bugs to . .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. .br This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B mknod is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B mknod programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info mknod .PP should give you access to the complete manual. ./man/man1/mv.1 644 0 0 4343 7272750374 6276 .\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.24. .TH MV "1" "April 2001" "mv (fileutils) 4.1" FSF .SH NAME mv \- move (rename) files .SH SYNOPSIS .B mv [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fISOURCE DEST\fR .br .B mv [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fISOURCE\fR... \fIDIRECTORY\fR .br .B mv [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fI--target-directory=DIRECTORY SOURCE\fR... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. .TP \fB\-\-backup\fR[=\fICONTROL\fR] make a backup of each existing destination file .TP \fB\-b\fR like \fB\-\-backup\fR but does not accept an argument .TP \fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR never prompt before overwriting .TP \fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-interactive\fR prompt before overwrite .TP \fB\-\-strip\-trailing\-slashes\fR remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument .TP \fB\-S\fR, \fB\-\-suffix\fR=\fISUFFIX\fR override the usual backup suffix .TP \fB\-\-target\-directory\fR=\fIDIRECTORY\fR move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY .TP \fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-update\fR move only older or brand new non-directories .TP \fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-verbose\fR explain what is being done .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP The backup suffix is `~', unless set with \fB\-\-suffix\fR or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the \fB\-\-backup\fR option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: .TP none, off never make backups (even if \fB\-\-backup\fR is given) .TP numbered, t make numbered backups .TP existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise .TP simple, never always make simple backups .SH AUTHOR Written by Mike Parker, David MacKenzie, and Jim Meyering. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report bugs to . .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. .br This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B mv is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B mv programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info mv .PP should give you access to the complete manual. , color codes are output only if standard output is connected to a terminal (tty). .SH AUTHOR Written by Richard Stallman and David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report bugs to . .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. .br This is free./man/man1/rm.1 644 0 0 4061 7272750374 6267 .\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.24. .TH RM "1" "April 2001" "rm (fileutils) 4.1" FSF .SH NAME rm \- remove files or directories .SH SYNOPSIS .B rm [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fIFILE\fR... .SH DESCRIPTION This manual page documents the GNU version of .BR rm . .B rm removes each specified file. By default, it does not remove directories. .P If a file is unwritable, the standard input is a tty, and the \fI\-f\fR or \fI\-\-force\fR option is not given, .B rm prompts the user for whether to remove the file. If the response does not begin with `y' or `Y', the file is skipped. .SH OPTIONS .PP Remove (unlink) the FILE(s). .TP \fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-directory\fR unlink directory, even if non-empty (super-user only) .TP \fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR ignore nonexistent files, never prompt .TP \fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-interactive\fR prompt before any removal .TP \fB\-r\fR, \fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-recursive\fR remove the contents of directories recursively .TP \fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-verbose\fR explain what is being done .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP To remove a file whose name starts with a `-', for example `-foo', use one of these commands: .IP \&../src/rm \fB\-\-\fR \fB\-foo\fR .IP \&../src/rm ./-foo .PP Note that if you use rm to remove a file, it is usually possible to recover the contents of that file. If you want more assurance that the contents are truly unrecoverable, consider using shred. .SH AUTHOR Written by Paul Rubin, David MacKenzie, Richard Stallman, and Jim Meyering. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report bugs to . .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. .br This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. .SH "SEE ALSO" shred(1) .PP The full documentation for .B rm is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B rm programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info rm .PP should give you access to the complete manual. tained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B mv programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info mv .PP should give you access to the complete manual. , color codes are output only if standard output is connected to a terminal (tty). .SH AUTHOR Written by Richard Stallman and David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report bugs to . .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. .br This is free./man/man1/rmdir.1 644 0 0 2534 7272750375 6772 .\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.24. .TH RMDIR "1" "April 2001" "rmdir (fileutils) 4.1" FSF .SH NAME rmdir \- remove empty directories .SH SYNOPSIS .B rmdir [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fIDIRECTORY\fR... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty. .HP \fB\-\-ignore\-fail\-on\-non\-empty\fR .IP ignore each failure that is solely because a directory is non-empty .TP \fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-parents\fR remove DIRECTORY, then try to remove each directory component of that path name. E.g., `rmdir \fB\-p\fR a/b/c' is similar to `rmdir a/b/c a/b a'. .TP \fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-verbose\fR output a diagnostic for every directory processed .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report bugs to . .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. .br This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B rmdir is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B rmdir programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info rmdir .PP should give you access to the complete manual. ./man/man1/shred.1 644 0 0 5231 7272776654 6767 .\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.24. .TH SHRED "1" "April 2001" "shred (fileutils) 4.1" FSF .SH NAME shred \- delete a file securely, first overwriting it to hide its contents .SH SYNOPSIS .B shred [\fIOPTIONS\fR] \fIFILE \fR[...] .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Overwrite the specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to make it harder for even very expensive hardware probing to recover the data. .TP \fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR change permissions to allow writing if necessary .TP \fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-iterations\fR=\fIN\fR Overwrite N times instead of the default (25) .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-size\fR=\fIN\fR shred this many bytes (suffixes like k, M, G accepted) .TP \fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-remove\fR truncate and remove file after overwriting .TP \fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-verbose\fR show progress .TP \fB\-x\fR, \fB\-\-exact\fR do not round file sizes up to the next full block .TP \fB\-z\fR, \fB\-\-zero\fR add a final overwrite with zeros to hide shredding .TP - shred standard output .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR print version information and exit .PP Delete FILE(s) if \fB\-\-remove\fR (-u) is specified. The default is not to remove the files because it is common to operate on device files like /dev/hda, and those files usually should not be removed. When operating on regular files, most people use the \fB\-\-remove\fR option. .PP CAUTION: Note that shred relies on a very important assumption: that the filesystem overwrites data in place. This is the traditional way to do things, but many modern filesystem designs do not satisfy this assumption. The following are examples of filesystems on which shred is not effective: .PP * log-structured or journaled filesystems, such as those supplied with .IP AIX and Solaris (and JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, etc.) .PP * filesystems that write redundant data and carry on even if some writes .IP fail, such as RAID-based filesystems .PP * filesystems that make snapshots, such as Network Appliance's NFS server .PP * filesystems that cache in temporary locations, such as NFS .IP version 3 clients .PP * compressed filesystems .SH AUTHOR Written by Colin Plumb. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report bugs to . .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. .br This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B shred is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B shred programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info shred .PP should give you access to the complete manual. The full documentation for .B ls is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B ls programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info ls .PP should give you access to the complete manual. .TP \fB\-\-show\-control\-chars\fR show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) .TP \fB\-Q\fR./man/man1/sync.1 644 0 0 1712 7272750375 6626 .\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.24. .TH SYNC "1" "April 2001" "sync (fileutils) 4.1" FSF .SH NAME sync \- flush filesystem buffers .SH SYNOPSIS .B sync [\fIOPTION\fR] .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Force changed blocks to disk, update the super block. .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by Jim Meyering. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report bugs to . .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. .br This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B sync is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B sync programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info sync .PP should give you access to the complete manual. ./man/man1/touch.1 644 0 0 3477 7272750375 7006 .\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.24. .TH TOUCH "1" "April 2001" "touch (fileutils) 4.1" FSF .SH NAME touch \- change file timestamps .SH SYNOPSIS .B touch [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fIFILE\fR... .br .B touch [\fI-acm\fR] \fIMMDDhhmm\fR[\fIYY\fR] \fIFILE\fR... \fI(obsolescent)\fR .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Update the access and modification times of each FILE to the current time. .TP \fB\-a\fR change only the access time .TP \fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-no\-create\fR do not create any files .TP \fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-date\fR=\fISTRING\fR parse STRING and use it instead of current time .TP \fB\-f\fR (ignored) .TP \fB\-m\fR change only the modification time .TP \fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-reference\fR=\fIFILE\fR use this file's times instead of current time .TP \fB\-t\fR STAMP use [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] instead of current time .TP \fB\-\-time\fR=\fIWORD\fR set time given by WORD: access atime use (same as \fB\-a\fR) modify mtime (same as \fB\-m\fR) .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP Note that the three time-date formats recognized for the \fB\-d\fR and \fB\-t\fR options and for the obsolescent argument are all different. .SH AUTHOR Written by Paul Rubin, Arnold Robbins, Jim Kingdon, David MacKenzie, and Randy Smith. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report bugs to . .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. .br This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B touch is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B touch programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info touch .PP should give you access to the complete manual. Add any additional description here .PP Update the access and modification times of each FILE to the current time. .TP \fB\-a\fR change only the access time .TP \fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-no\-create\fR./man/man1/vdir.1 644 0 0 12602 7272761121 6625 .\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.24. .TH VDIR "1" "April 2001" "vdir (fileutils) 4.1" FSF .SH NAME vdir \- list directory contents .SH SYNOPSIS .B vdir [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of \fB\-cftuSUX\fR nor \fB\-\-sort\fR. .TP \fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR do not hide entries starting with . .TP \fB\-A\fR, \fB\-\-almost\-all\fR do not list implied . and .. .TP \fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-escape\fR print octal escapes for nongraphic characters .TP \fB\-\-block\-size\fR=\fISIZE\fR use SIZE-byte blocks .TP \fB\-B\fR, \fB\-\-ignore\-backups\fR do not list implied entries ending with ~ .TP \fB\-c\fR with \fB\-lt\fR: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with \fB\-l\fR: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime .TP \fB\-C\fR list entries by columns .TP \fB\-\-color\fR[=\fIWHEN\fR] control whether color is used to distinguish file types. WHEN may be `never', `always', or `auto' .TP \fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-directory\fR list directory entries instead of contents .TP \fB\-D\fR, \fB\-\-dired\fR generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode .TP \fB\-f\fR do not sort, enable \fB\-aU\fR, disable \fB\-lst\fR .TP \fB\-F\fR, \fB\-\-classify\fR append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries .TP \fB\-\-format\fR=\fIWORD\fR across \fB\-x\fR, commas \fB\-m\fR, horizontal \fB\-x\fR, long \fB\-l\fR, single-column \fB\-1\fR, verbose \fB\-l\fR, vertical \fB\-C\fR .TP \fB\-\-full\-time\fR list both full date and full time .TP \fB\-g\fR (ignored) .TP \fB\-G\fR, \fB\-\-no\-group\fR inhibit display of group information .TP \fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-human\-readable\fR print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) .TP \fB\-\-si\fR likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 .TP \fB\-H\fR same as `--si' for now; soon to change to conform to POSIX .TP \fB\-\-indicator\-style\fR=\fIWORD\fR append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), classify (-F), file-type (-p) .TP \fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-inode\fR print index number of each file .TP \fB\-I\fR, \fB\-\-ignore\fR=\fIPATTERN\fR do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN .TP \fB\-k\fR, \fB\-\-kilobytes\fR like \fB\-\-block\-size\fR=\fI1024\fR .TP \fB\-l\fR use a long listing format .TP \fB\-L\fR, \fB\-\-dereference\fR list entries pointed to by symbolic links .TP \fB\-m\fR fill width with a comma separated list of entries .TP \fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-numeric\-uid\-gid\fR list numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names .TP \fB\-N\fR, \fB\-\-literal\fR print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) .TP \fB\-o\fR use long listing format without group info .TP \fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-file\-type\fR append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries .TP \fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-hide\-control\-chars\fR print ? instead of non graphic characters .TP \fB\-\-show\-control\-chars\fR show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) .TP \fB\-Q\fR, \fB\-\-quote\-name\fR enclose entry names in double quotes .TP \fB\-\-quoting\-style\fR=\fIWORD\fR use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape .TP \fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-reverse\fR reverse order while sorting .TP \fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-recursive\fR list subdirectories recursively .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-size\fR print size of each file, in blocks .TP \fB\-S\fR sort by file size .TP \fB\-\-sort\fR=\fIWORD\fR extension \fB\-X\fR, none \fB\-U\fR, size \fB\-S\fR, time \fB\-t\fR, version \fB\-v\fR .IP status \fB\-c\fR, time \fB\-t\fR, atime \fB\-u\fR, access \fB\-u\fR, use \fB\-u\fR .TP \fB\-\-time\fR=\fIWORD\fR show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or status; use specified time as sort key if \fB\-\-sort\fR=\fItime\fR .TP \fB\-t\fR sort by modification time .TP \fB\-T\fR, \fB\-\-tabsize\fR=\fICOLS\fR assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 .TP \fB\-u\fR with \fB\-lt\fR: sort by, and show, access time with \fB\-l\fR: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time .TP \fB\-U\fR do not sort; list entries in directory order .TP \fB\-v\fR sort by version .TP \fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-width\fR=\fICOLS\fR assume screen width instead of current value .TP \fB\-x\fR list entries by lines instead of by columns .TP \fB\-X\fR sort alphabetically by entry extension .TP \fB\-1\fR list one file per line .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP By default, color is not used to distinguish types of files. That is equivalent to using \fB\-\-color\fR=\fInone\fR. Using the \fB\-\-color\fR option without the optional WHEN argument is equivalent to using \fB\-\-color\fR=\fIalways\fR. With \fB\-\-color\fR=\fIauto\fR, color codes are output only if standard output is connected to a terminal (tty). .SH AUTHOR Written by Richard Stallman and David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report bugs to . .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. .br This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B vdir is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B vdir programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info vdir .PP should give you access to the complete manual. X: Backup options. * single-column output of files: General output formatting. * size of file to shrend exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP Note that the three time-date formats recognized for the \fB\-d\fR and \fB\-t\fR options and for the obsolescent argument are all different. .SH AUTHOR Written by Paul Rubin, Arnold Robbins, Jim Kingdon, David MacKenzie, and Randy Smith. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report bugs to . .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. .br This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO